Impi mayelana ne-Blocksize

I-Bitcoin Classic

Ngasekupheleni kuka-2015, impi yayishuba kakhulu. Kuke kwaba namagagasi okuhlaselwa kwe-dinal of service (DDoS) kuma-nodi e-Bitcoin XT. NgoDisemba 28, 2015 umsebenzisi we-Reddit /u/tl212 ubeke amazwana:

Ngangiyi-DDos. Bekuyi-DDoS enkulu eyehlise i-ISP yami yonke (yasemaphandleni). Wonke umuntu emadolobheni amahlanu ulahlekelwe iseva yakhe ye-inthanethi amahora ambalwa ngenxa yalezi zigebengu. Impela kungithene amandla ekusingatheni izindawo.^[1]

Lesi senzo sibonakale sinolaka futhi bungathetheleleki. Kuyamangaza ukuthi kube nemibiko yokuhlaselwa okunamandla kangangokuthi basusa yonke i-ISP. Ukuhlasela kubonakale kunomthelela olimazayo kunethiwekhi ye-Bitcoin XT futhi, ngakho-ke, ngezinga elithile, umuntu angaphikisa ukuthi bayasebenza. Angazi noma yimaphi abavimbeli abancane anobunikazi obaziwayo obusekela ukuziphatha okunjalo okungenasimilo, nakuba abanye abavimbeli abancane abangaziwa babonakala bevikela isenzo ku-BitcoinTalk, bebhekisela kuyo ngokuthi "ukuhlasela okuphikisayo". Into eyodwa ukuhlasela okwenze kwaphumela obala, nokho, kwakuwukubaluleka kwenethiwekhi ye-P2P enkulu, esabalalisiwe futhi eqinile, into i-Bitcoin XT engazange ithuthukiswe ngalesi sikhathi. Akukaze kwaziwa ukuthi ubani owabangela lokhu kuhlasela, nakuba amahlebezi asakazwa ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kamuva osebenza nge-Botnet owakhokhelwa ngokungaziwa e-Bitcoin ukuze aqalise. Ukuziphatha kwabahlaseli kubhekwe njengokungafaneleki ngisho nabavimbeli abancane, abaningi babo abebekubheka njengento engase ixazulule, exosha abantu ohlangothini lwabo lwengxabano. Ngokubona kwami, lesi yisibonelo esingavamile sephutha leqhinga elivela ekamu elincane le-bhulokhi, kucatshangwa ukuthi lokhu kwakuyi-blocker encane hhayi uhlobo oluthile lokusebenza kwefulegi lamanga. Le mpi yayimayelana nokunxenxa abantu ukuba bajoyine uhlangothi olukhethiwe, futhi isenzo esinjalo sobudlova asizange sikhiqize. Lolu hlobo lokuhlasela aluzange lubonakale futhi kwimpi yesayizi yebhulokhi, ngokwazi kwami.

NgoJanuwari 3, 2016, u-Brian Armstrong, i-CEO ye-Coinbase (enye yezindawo zokuhwebelana ezinkulu kunazo zonke esikhaleni kanye nenkampani enokusekelwa okuhlaba umxhwele kakhulu kwe-VC), ushicilele ibhulogi ngokusekela amabhlogo amakhulu. UBrian uphinde wasekela uGavin futhi waba nemibono eyimpikiswano yokuthi ungayithuthukisa kanjani i-Bitcoin.

Ngenhlanhla, i-bitcoin inomshini wokuthuthukisa owakhelwe ngaphakathi onomklamo omuhle kakhulu. Uma iningi labavukuzi be-bitcoin "livotela" ukuthuthukiswa okuthile ngencazelo lena inguqulo entsha ye-bitcoin. Inani lamavoti atholwa ngumvukuzi ngamunye lilingana nenani lamandla ekhompyutha abawengezayo kunethiwekhi (ukuze amavoti angenziwa mbumbulu).^[2]

Umbono wokuthi noma yiliphi iketango elinamandla amakhulu ngemuva kwalo lichazwe njenge-Bitcoin lalingabonakali linengqondo kubavimbi abancane. Kubo, amanodi we-Bitcoin aphoqelela imithetho ethile; ibhulokhi bekufanele ihambisane nale mithetho noma izonakwa. Kubavimbeli abancane, lokhu bekuyingxenye ebalulekile yendlela i-Bitcoin esebenza ngayo. Uma abavukuzi bezama nje ukushintsha imithetho enjalo, kungabangela ukuhlukana kweketango futhi kubangele uhlamvu lwemali olusha. Uhlamvu lwemali olulandela imithetho yokuqala luzoqhubeka lube yi-Bitcoin.

Abavimbeli abancane bavame ukubona ama-node aphelele aqinisekisayo njengabalulekile maqondana nokuphoqelela imithetho yephrothokholi, kuyilapho kubavimbi abakhulu lokhu kwakungenjalo nhlobo. Kubavimbeli abakhulu, abasebenzisi abaningi abazange basebenzise ama-node aqinisekisa ngokugcwele, ngokuvamile babesebenzisa ama-nodi alula. Kodwa-ke, ngisho nakulo mbono omkhulu wabavimbeli, lapho abasebenzisi babengenawo ama-node agcwele, basenezikhwama zemali. Zonke izikhwama zabasebenzisi, nakuba zingasebenzisi all imithetho yephrothokholi, zisasebenzisa eminye yemithetho. I-Bitcoin yayinazo zonke izinhlobo zemithetho nezivumelwano, hhayi nje i-blocksize. Isibonelo, amafomethi okwenziwayo, amasiginesha agunyaza ukusetshenziswa kwemali, isakhiwo sesihlahla se-Merkle, ifomethi yesihloko sebhulokhi njll. Ngokuqinisekile u-Brian kanye nabavimbeli abakhulu bebengaphikisani ngokuthi kukhona okunamandla okuhlanganisa amaningi ngemuva kwakho, ngisho nochungechunge lwamahashi ngaphandle kokunye. idatha ehlobene nokuthengiselana, ingachazwa noma ingachazwa ngokuthi i-Bitcoin? Ngisho nasekubukeni kwezwe okukhulu kwabavimbeli, lapho abantu babesebenzisa ama-nodi alula kuphela, amabhlokhi kwakusadingeka ahambisane nemithetho ethile.

Mhlawumbe incazelo evumayo kakhulu yengxabano kaBrian ukuthi abavukuzi babekhululekile ukwenza njengoba befisa ngaphakathi kwephrothokholi, ngaphandle kwemithetho ebekwe kubo izikhwama ezilula. Kulowo mongo, lokhu kulandisa kwebhulokhi enkulu kwenza umqondo owengeziwe. Lokhu kungenzeka akubandakanyi umkhawulo we-blocksize emithethweni, nokho izikhwama zokukhanya ezihlukile ziphoqelela amasethi angaphansi ahlukene emithetho. Ngakho-ke, bekungaba nendawo empunga ekudwebeni umugqa phakathi kwalokho abavukuzi abangakulawula nalokho abangakwazi. Abavimbeli abancane abavumelani nalokhu. Babedinga ukucaciswa okuqinile mayelana nokuthi kwakuyini umthetho wenethiwekhi nokuthi yini engekho, ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi kukhona njalo ukungabaza okuncane mayelana nokuthi iyiphi i-blockchain ende evumelekile.

Ngangivame ukuzama ukuhlola lesi sihloko nabanye abavimbeli abakhulu. Ngababuza imibuzo enjengokuthi: kwenzekani uma abavukuzi bedala ukwehla kwamandla emali okusha ngaphezu komkhawulo wokunikezela ngezigidi ezingu-21 futhi bazinikeze lezi zinhlamvu zemali; uma lelo ketango linomsebenzi owengeziwe, bekungaba yi-Bitcoin leyo? Ngokuvamile, babephendula ngokuthi: “Abavukuzi abasoze bakwenza lokho”; noma "I-Bitcoin imayelana nethiyori yegeyimu kanye nezikhuthazo, uma abavukuzi bebezokwenza lokho intengo izokwehla"; noma “ithiyori yomdlalo ihlelwe ngendlela yokuthi abavukuzi ngeke bakwenze lokho”. Uma abavukuzi benze lokho, wonke ama-node nama-walethi azobheka lelo ketango njengelingavumelekile, ngamemezela. Uma abavukuzi bephula i-cap cap, ubungeke uwabone lawo mabhulokhi. Abavimbeli abakhulu ngokuvamile baphendule kulokhu ngokuthi "ama-nodi awanandaba"; kubo i-Bitcoin ichazwa ochungechungeni lwemisebenzi eminingi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ama-nodi abo abeyilandela noma cha. Uma umsebenzisi efuna ukuba yingxenye ye-Bitcoin, angase adinge ukulanda futhi afake isofthiwe entsha ye-nodi ukuze aqiniseke ukuthi ulandela uchungechunge lomsebenzi omningi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi wephule imithetho ethile noma cha.

Bekungangicaceli kahle ukuthi ubani oqinisile lapha. Bekuya ngokuthi abantu baziphathe kanjani. Uma wonke umuntu eziphatha njengabavimbeli abakhulu futhi elanda amaklayenti amasha ukuze alandele uchungechunge olude kakhulu, yebo, babeqinisile. Kodwa-ke, uma wonke umuntu eziphatha njengabavimbeli abancane futhi ngenkani egcina iklayenti labo langempela, khona-ke abavimbeli abancane babeqinisile. Lona bekuwumbuzo ovulekile futhi akekho obengaba nesiqinisekiso samaphesenti ayi-100 ngempendulo efanele. Abashisekeli ezinhlangothini zombili babonakale beqiniseka ukuthi baqinisile, nokho bobabili bebenomqondo ovalekile. Zombili izinhlangothi zazakhe imodeli yengqondo eyayicabanga ukuthi abantu bazoziphatha njengabo. Iqiniso, vele, laliwukuthi abantu abahlukene babenemibono nemibono ehlukene ngakho-ke babezoziphatha ngendlela ehlukile. Imibono emikhulu yabavimbeli ibonakala incike cishe kuwo wonke umuntu ovumelana nayo, kuyilapho umbono omncane womvimbeli ubonakala udinga noma yiliphi idlanzana elibalulekile ukuze livumelane nayo. Kusukela kulo mbono, kubonakale kimi sengathi abavimbeli abancane babelungile kakhulu. Abanye abantu bangathuthukisa amaklayenti abo, kanti abanye ngeke, ngakho-ke singase sibe nokuhlukaniswa kwenethiwekhi.

Lo mbono ohlukile mayelana nendima yama-nodi agcwele ekuphoqeleleni imithetho kwaholela ekudidekeni okwengeziwe. Abavimbeli abancane bavame ukusho ukuthi baphikisana nokukhuphuka komkhawulo we-blocksize, njengoba kuzokwenza izindleko zokusebenzisa i-nodi zibe phezulu kakhulu, okungase kunciphise inani eliphelele le-node futhi kubangele ukuhlukaniswa. Abavimbeli abakhulu bahumushe ngokungalungile lokhu njengokusho ukuthi abavimbeli abancane babekhathazeke ngokuthi ngeke kube namanodi okudluliselana anele, ngakho-ke inethiwekhi yokuxhumana kontanga kuya kontanga, lapho idatha yokwenziwayo isakazwa nxazonke, ingase ibe buthakathaka kakhulu. Ngakho-ke ukuxhumana kuzobekwa endaweni eyodwa ezindaweni ezimbalwa ezinkulu. Ngokuvamile, lokhu kwakungelona uhlobo lwe-centralization ukuthi abavimbeli abancane babekhathazeke ngakho. Babekhathazeke kakhulu ngombono wokuthi abasebenzisi bokugcina abenele bazokwazi ukusebenzisa amaklayenti e-Bitcoin aqinisekisa ngokugcwele yonke imithetho yephrothokholi, engabukela phansi ukuhlukaniswa kwezindawo zokuphoqelelwa kwemithetho yephrothokholi. Abavimbeli abakhulu abakaze babonakale bekuqonda lokhu kukhathazeka futhi bakholelwa ukuthi kwakungadingekile ukuthi abasebenzisi bokugcina badinga amandla okusebenzisa lawa maklayenti we-nodi agcwele. Ingozi yokuthi amabhulokhi amakhulu azokwenza ukuthi kubize kakhulu ukusebenzisa ama-nodi agcwele, bekungeyona into ekhathazayo kuba-vimbeli abakhulu. Le mibono ehlukene empeleni yayisho ukuthi izinhlangothi zombili zazikhuluma zodwa, kunokuba zakhe ukuqonda kombono wabanye.

Lokhu kudideka bekuvame ukuxutshwa nombono oyiphutha ofanayo mayelana nendlela i-Bitcoin esebenza ngayo. Okungukuthi, umbono odumile wokuthi ukuhlasela kwezimayini okungamaphesenti angu-51 kungase kuntshontshe izimali zabasebenzisi, ngisho nangaphandle kwesiginesha evumelekile enikezwa ngumsebenzisi. Abavukuzi abakwazi ukwenza lokho, okungenani emhlabeni wamabhuloki amancane; bonke abavukuzi abangakwenza ekuhlaselweni okungamaphesenti angu-51 kuwukuchitha kabili imali lapho benesignesha evumelekile yemisebenzi emibili engqubuzanayo. Lokhu akusho ukuthi bonke abavimbeli abakhulu abazange bakuqonde lokhu; benza ngezinga elithile. Ukuthi nje lena bekuyindawo entsha yesayensi ehlolwa okokuqala. Bekunokungaqiniseki okukhulu nhlangothi zombili kule ndaba, futhi kuthatha isikhathi ukwakha ukuqonda. Ukuntuleka kokucaca kule ndawo kunciphisa amandla abavimbeli abakhulu ukufeza izinhloso zawo. Ukube abavimbeli abakhulu bebegxile kafushane ekususeni umkhawulo we-blocksize emithethweni yephrothokholi, esikhundleni sokudala ukudideka kokuthi leyo mithetho yayikhona yini, kungenzeka ukuthi iphumelele kakhulu.

Umbono kaBrian, wokuthi i-hashrate ichaze iketango, ibonakala iqiniswa umusho wokugcina ku-whitepaper ye-Bitcoin, efundeka kanje:

Bavota ngamandla abo e-CPU, bezwakalisa ukwamukela kwabo amabhlogo asebenzayo ngokusebenzela ukuwanweba futhi benqabe amabhlokhi angavumelekile ngokwenqaba ukusebenza kuwo. Noma yimiphi imithetho edingekayo kanye nezikhuthazo zingasetshenziswa ngale ndlela yokuvumelana.

Lesi sisho sasivame ukusakazwa futhi siphindwe ngabavimbeli abakhulu. Kodwa-ke, akucaci ukuthi uSatoshi wabelane ngalo mbono nhlobo. Eqinisweni, i-whitepaper nayo ithi:

Sicabangela isimo somhlaseli ezama ukukhiqiza elinye iketango ngokushesha kunochungechunge oluthembekile. Ngisho noma lokhu kufeziwe, akuvuli isistimu ezinguqukweni ezingafanele, njengokwenza inani emoyeni omncane noma ukuthatha imali engakaze ibe ngeyomhlaseli. Ama-Nodi ngeke amukele okwenziwayo okungavumelekile njengenkokhelo, futhi izindawo ezithembekile azisoze zamukela ibhulokhi eliqukethe. Umhlaseli angazama kuphela ukushintsha okunye kokwenziwe kwakhe ukuze abuyisele imali asanda kuyichitha. ^[3]

Ngenhla, i-Satoshi ikwenza kucace ukuthi ama-nodi ayayiphoqelela imithetho ethile. Kubalulekile ukwahlulela iphepha elimhlophe ngokomongo: ngokuyinhloko bekumayelana nesisombululo esingaba khona senkinga yokuchitha kabili. Abasebenzisi abasebenzisa ama-nodi ukuphoqelela imithetho kwakungeyona into entsha eyinhloko yesistimu; ubufakazi bomsebenzi izimayini kwaba. Abavukuzi banquma nge-oda lokuthengiselana. Kukulo mongo, abavimbeli abancane baphikisana, ukuthi umuntu kufanele ahlole umugqa wokugcina wephepha elimhlophe. Nokho, lezo zingcaphuno ezimbili ezisephepheni elimhlophe zibonakala ziphikisana ngandlela thize.

Kwabaningi, kubonakala sengathi kunemibono ehluke ngokuyisisekelo yokuthi i-Bitcoin isebenza kanjani. Kodwa-ke, le nkinga engase ibe khona akuzange kudingeke ukuthi ibangele ngokuqondile izinkinga kule mpi yokuvimba. Ngaphezu kwakho konke, lokho abavimbeli abakhulu ababekufuna ngempela kwakungamabhulokhi amakhulu. Babefuna ukunikeza abavukuzi amandla mahhala ngokuphathelene ne-blocksize, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi lokho kwakungaphansi kwesistimu efana ne-BIP 100 lapho abavukuzi bevotela umkhawulo, noma ngokususa umkhawulo we-blocksize ngokuphelele emithethweni ye-Bitcoin protocol. Esikhundleni salokho, kube nokudideka esikhaleni mayelana nalolu daba, abavimbeli abakhulu bevame ukuthi iningi le-hashrate likwazi ukwenza cishe noma yini, ngaphandle kokwengeza noma yiziphi izimfanelo. Lokhu kuntuleka kokugxila nokucaca kwalimaza kakhulu ikamu elikhulu le-bhulokhi. Kwenze kwaba nzima kakhulu kubo ukuqasha abasebenzisi ohlangothini lwabo. I-agumenti yokuthi uma kwenzeka ukwenyuka komkhawulo we-hardfork blocksize kusekelwa iningi labavukuzi, abasebenzisi bazofaka iklayenti elisha lomkhawulo we-blocksize, ngoba kwandisa umkhawulo we-blocksize, yenza umqondo omkhulu kimi; abavimbeli abakhulu babe nephuzu lapha. Nokho, impikiswano yokuthi noma ubani angadawuniloda futhi afake iklayenti elisha ukuze alandele uchungechunge olude oluntshontshe izinhlamvu zemali zabanye abasebenzisi futhi azinike abavukuzi ayizange ibe nomqondo. Uma lokho kwenzeka ngempela, nginezinga eliphakeme lokuzethemba ukuthi abavimbeli abakhulu bazoshiya ngokushesha isimangalo sabo sokuthi kwakungekho imithetho yenethiwekhi. Ngakho-ke, mhlawumbe umehluko obonakalayo wombono wawungajulile njengoba wawubonakala. Abavimbeli abakhulu babefuna nje amabhlogo amakhulu. Benza le mpikiswano mayelana nochungechunge lomsebenzi oluningi oluchaza i-Bitcoin njengoba babecabanga ukuthi yabasiza imbangela yabo.

Encwadini yakhe, u-Brian waqhubeka nokubonisa ukusekelwa okuqhubekayo kukaCoinbase kwe-Bitcoin XT:

Ngicabanga ukuthi i-BitcoinXT ingesinye seziphakamiso ezimbalwa ezinhle esingajabula ngazo, kodwa abantu akufanele bafunde okuningi kukho ngale kwalokho (sisebenzisa izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zamanodi ekukhiqizeni okuhlanganisa i-bitcoin core, i-XT, i-nodi yangokwezifiso esiyibhalile. esebenza esikalini sethu, futhi mhlawumbe sizongeza abanye esikhathini esizayo njenge-BitcoinUnlimited)

Ngaphambi kwale bhulogi nencazelo, uBrian wayekhiphe ama-tweets (manje asesusiwe) ezwakalisa ukusekela i-Bitcoin XT. Cishe ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, i-Coinbase yasuswa njengesikhwama semali esinconyiwe kuwebhusayithi ye-Bitcoin.org. Le webhusayithi ibingomunye wemithombo yolwazi eyinhloko nge-Bitcoin futhi iwebhusayithi ekuqaleni yasungulwa ngu-Satoshi.^[4] Lesi senzo esinolaka sasifana kakhulu nenqubomgomo yokulinganisa ye-Bitcoin Reddit. Kwacasula abavimbeli abakhulu, ababekholelwa ukuthi kuncane, kuyingane futhi kuyahlukanisa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abavimbeli abancane bamemezele ukuthi uCoinbase umemezele ngokuphumelelayo inhloso yakhe yokushintsha kusuka ku-Bitcoin kuya ku-altcoin. Ngakho-ke, bakholelwa ukuthi akufanele sisafakwa ohlwini lwewebhusayithi yeBitcoin, okungadala ukudideka. Njengokuhlolwa kwe-Reddit, lesi senzo sibonakale siqinisa kuphela ukuzimisela kwabavimbeli abakhulu futhi sihlukanise umphakathi.

Ngasekupheleni kukaDisemba, abaningi babonakala bemangele ngokusekelwa okuqhubekayo kukaBrian ku-Bitcoin XT, njengoba lo mbono ubonakala ucishe ufile ngalesi sikhathi, namachibi amaningi okumbiwa asho ukuthi ukwanda ku-8 MB kwakukhulu kakhulu. Kokuthunyelwe kwebhulogi okufanayo, u-Brian ufake isithombe-skrini sespredishithi se-excel esivela kubavukuzi, okubonisa abakuthandayo ngokuphathelene nosayizi wokuvimba. Isithombe-skrini sibonise ukuthi amachibi amathathu aphezulu ezimayini aphikisana ne-Bitcoin XT. Imibono ngalolu daba ishintshile ezinyangeni eziyisithupha kusukela abavukuzi bevumelene ngo-8 MB. Ukwenyuka okulula, okunomsoco okufika ku-2 MB manje kwase ku-ajenda futhi kubonakala kukhula umfutho.

NgoJanuwari 14, 2016 kwaba nesinye isikhathi esibalulekile empini ye-blocksize. UMike Hearn, umgqugquzeli oyinhloko we-Bitcoin XT, wayekhungatheke kakhulu ngenxa yokuntula inqubekelaphambili odabeni lwe-blocksize kangangokuba wamemezela ukuthi i-Bitcoin isilingo esihlulekile futhi wamemezela ukuthi wayezithengisa zonke izinhlamvu zemali zakhe.^[5] uMike waphawula:

Impi yombango eholele ekutheni i-Coinbase - isiqalo se-Bitcoin esikhulu kunazo zonke nesaziwa kakhulu e-USA - isulwe kuwebhusayithi ye-Bitcoin esemthethweni ngokukhetha uhlangothi "olungalungile" futhi yavalwa ezinkundleni zomphakathi. Uma izingxenye zomphakathi ziphendukela ngonya abantu abethule izigidi zabasebenzisi ohlotsheni lwemali, uyazi ukuthi izinto sezihlanya ngempela.

“I-ragequit” kaMike Hearn esobala yayivezwe emithonjeni yezindaba eminingi futhi kubonakala sengathi ibangele ukuwa kwentengo ye-Bitcoin ngamaphesenti angu-10, isuka ku-US$432 yaya cishe ku-US$388.

Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngemuva kokumenyezelwa kukaMike, ngoJanuwari 16, 2016, uJihan Wu wathumela okulandelayo:

UMike Hearn Loser uveze imibono eminingi yokucwasa nokungalungile ngokumelene nama-bitcoiners aseChina. Echaza ukuthi kungani engakwazanga ukuthola ukwesekwa okwanele.*^[6]**

UJihan ubengomunye wabadlali abanethonya nababalulekile embonini yezimayini. Wayengu-CEO kanye nomsunguli we-Bitmain, inkampani yaseShayina eyayikhiqiza imishini yezimayini, yayinamapulazi ayo okumba izimayini futhi isebenza namachibi okumba. UJihan wayethukuthele ngokucasuka kukaMike, nokho ukugxekwa kuyaxaka njengoba uJihan esezozibonakalisa njengomdlali ohamba phambili ekamu elikhulu le-bhulokhi. Mayelana nokugomela kukaJihan mayelana nokucwasa kukaMike, lokhu kwabonakala kuyinqaba kimi, njengoba kukho konke ukusebenzelana kwami noMike lokhu akuzange kubonakale nhlobo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abanye abavimbeli abakhulu babeveze ukuphawula okuthile kimina ngqo namaShayina. Isibonelo, basola ukuntula ukwesekwa kwe-XT ekuthembekeni kwamaShayina esimweni esicindezelayo futhi baveza ukufana nokwesekwa okusabalele kweqembu lamakhomanisi eShayina. Le ncazelo yokuntuleka kokusekelwa kwe-XT yayingenangqondo futhi ihlambalaza ngokubona kwami, futhi ibangelwa ukuchema kokuqinisekisa, okwakudlangile esikhaleni. Kungenzeka ukuthi uMike kungenzeka ukuthi uzwakalise lolu hlobo lombono, kodwa akunakwenzeka. Ngosuku olulandelayo, uMike wabonisa engosini yenkundla ukuthi wayenezingxoxo ezishisayo zocingo nabavukuzi baseShayina. Lezi zingcingo kungenzeka ukuthi azihambanga kahle, futhi kungenzeka ukuthi yikhona okudale izinsolo zokucwasa ngokwebala. Okuthunyelwe futhi kuchaza ukuthi kungani i-8 MB ekuqaleni yakhethwa njengomkhawulo we-Bitcoin XT; Isishiyagalombili inombolo yenhlanhla eShayina.

Kungani isishiyagalombili? Ngoba igama elifanayo lesiShayina elisho “ukuchuma” noma “ingcebo”:Ikhula emphakathini waseShayina weBitcoin ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ngakho-ke lokhu kukhetha ngokusobala bekungasekelwe kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lokuhlaziya lwesayensi. Ukuba nemithethonqubo ye-Bitcoin kunqunywa ngemilolozelo ngokusobala bekungaba ihlazo, kodwa nokho, sayekethisa futhi sakwenza.Ngemva kokuthi u-Core enqabe i-BIP 101 elungiswe manje, mina no-Gavin sikhiphe i-XT ndawonye. Kuleli qophelo abavukuzi sebeshintshile. Bamemezele ukuthi ngeke bagijime lutho ngaphandle kwe-Core, isikhathi, ukuphela kwendaba. Lesi “sidingo” besingakacaciswanga ngaphambili. Kusukela kokubili ngikhuluma nabo mathupha (ngibe nezingcingo ezihlukahlukene nabavukuzi emhlabeni wonke, kuhlanganise nabavukuzi baseShayina) kanye nezitatimende zabo zomphakathi, bakwenza kwacaca ukuthi ukwethembeka kwabo ku-Core kwakuphelele futhi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yiziphi izinguquko esizenzile ku-XT, babengasoze baluqhuba. Ngakho-ke ukuyekethisa kwakungasizi ngalutho.*^[7]**

Kungalesi sikhathi, lapho isipikili sokugcina sesifakwe ebhokisini le-XT, lapho abavimbeli abakhulu babedinga isizathu esisha sokuhlangana. Umzamo olandelayo wamabhulokhi amakhudlwana wawubizwa nge-Bitcoin Classic.^[8] Lokhu bekuwukweqa okulula, okukodwa ukuya kumkhawulo ongu-2 MB, isiphakamiso esimaphakathi nesiphusile kakhulu kuno-8,000 MB esifakwe ku-Bitcoin XT. Kulokhu, u-Gavin uzoba unjiniyela oholayo, hhayi uMike. U-Jeff Garzik manje naye usesekile isiphakamiso futhi ufakwe ohlwini kuwebhusayithi Yakudala njengonjiniyela. I-Classic ibonakale inethuba elingcono lempumelelo kune-XT, ngendlela yayo emaphakathi kakhulu yokuvala usayizi.

Cishe bonke abavukuzi nabadlali bemboni abakhulu babonakale bevumelana ngokugxuma okukodwa ku-2 MB. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isibonelo sasibekiwe, umkhankaso wokususa umthetho we-Bitcoin wokuvumelana wawusanda kwehluleka futhi manje abavimbeli abakhulu bazama into efanayo futhi. Lokhu kubonakale kunikeza abavimbeli abancane ithemba. Umvukuzi we-Bitcoin u-Jonathan Toomim wayephikise e-Scaling Hong Kong ukuthi i-2 MB yayiwumkhawulo ophephile, futhi wayengummeli we-Bitcoin Classic. Abavimbeli abancane baqamba uhlamvu lwemali ngokuthi “ToomimCoin”,^[9] mhlawumbe njengengxenye yomzamo wokuhlobanisa I-Classic ne-Jonathan Toomim, ngendlela efanayo i-Bitcoin XT eyayixhunywe noMike. I-Bitcoin Classic ikhishwe ngokusemthethweni ngoFebhuwari 10, 2016.^[10]

Indlela yokusebenzisa i-Bitcoin Classic yayicishe ifane ne-Bitcoin XT, kungekho ntuthuko. Kwakungekho futhi umzamo wokuthola ukuvumelana okusabalele ngaphambi kokukhuthaza abasebenzisi ukuthi baqhube iklayenti. Ngempela, abavimbeli abakhulu babengafuni ukwenza lokhu. Akukhona nje ukuthi ama-blocker amakhulu afuna amabhlogo amakhulu, kodwa futhi abonakale edelela indlela yokwenza kusebenze ekhuthazwa abavimbeli abancane. Lokhu bekubangelwa ukuntula ukwethenjwa, kanye nentukuthelo ngenxa yokucwaninga nokunye okucatshangelwayo kokuziphatha okunolaka okuvela kubavimbi abancane. Ngakho-ke i-Bitcoin Classic yagcina umkhawulo wokuvula umvukuzi ongamaphesenti angu-75 i-Bitcoin XT ewusebenzisile. Lokhu kubonakale kuyiphutha kimina. Ukube bebekhethe indlela yokwenza kusebenze emaphakathi, enezici zokuphepha ezingcono, bekuyoba ithuba ngabavimbi abakhulu ukuhlukanisa inkambu encane futhi okungenzeka bavele njengabanqobi kule ngxabano.

Ngokuvamile, abavimbeli abancane baphikisana nomkhawulo wamaphesenti angu-75 ngezizathu eziningana. Ifulegi kunhlokweni yebhulokhi lalibhekwa njengendlela yokubonisa ukuphepha, okubonisa ukuthi wonke umuntu wayeselungele ukuthuthukisa. Ezingqondweni zabo, ukuthuthukiswa ngokwako akusho ukuthi kube nengxabano noma ukuvotelwa. Ngo-April 2012, i-softfork ye-P2SH yasebenza nge-threshold engamaphesenti angu-55. Kodwa-ke, ngemva kokwenzeka kwalokhu kuthuthukiswa, amaphesenti angu-45 abavukuzi ababengathuthukisiwe bakhiqize amabhulokhi angavumelekile izinyanga ezimbalwa ngemva kokwenza kusebenze. Lokhu kwakubhekwa njengenkinga ngakho-ke kwakhethwa umkhawulo omusha ongamaphesenti angama-95, obulokhu usetshenziswa kusukela ngaleso sikhathi. Kubavimbi abakhulu, ukuhlaba umkhosi kwabavukuzi kwakuyinqubo yevoti noma yokuthatha izinqumo. Esimweni esinjalo, amaphesenti angu-75 abonakala enani elinamandla, kuyilapho amaphesenti angu-95 ebonakala eyisisulu esingenangqondo. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, abavimbeli abakhulu bacabanga ukuthi amaphesenti angama-75 ayene-hashrate eyanele yokwakha iketango elide. Engqondweni yabo, amaphesenti angu-51 ayenele ukulawula inethiwekhi futhi amaphesenti angu-75 amele isilondolozi esikhulu ngokungadingekile.

Angicabangi ukuthi abavimbeli abancane baphikise amavoti abavukuzi ukuze bahlole umbono wabo. Kodwa-ke, kunomehluko phakathi kokulinganisa umbono wabavukuzi namafulegi kunhlokweni yebhulokhi eyenza kusebenze izinguquko emithethweni yokuvumelana. Abavimbeli abancane babheke lawa mafulegi njengengxenye ebalulekile yokuphepha kwenethiwekhi futhi ukuhlanganisa ukwenza kusebenze nokuvota kwabavukuzi ngeziphakamiso kwakuyingozi futhi kungafanele.

Lokho abavimbeli abakhulu abangazange bakubone ngalesi sikhathi sokungqubuzana ukuthi indlela yabo yokuvula ekhethiwe yayiwakhinyabeza kakhulu amathuba abo. Kwakucishe kufane nokungena empini nokuzibophela isandla sakhe ngemuva. Khumbula, abavimbeli abakhulu bebezama ukukhulisa umkhawulo wokuvimba: umthetho owawukhona ukuthi amabhulokhi adingeka abe ngu-1 MB noma ngaphansi, futhi babefuna ukuthi lokhu kube ngu-2 MB noma ngaphansi. Ngakho-ke umthetho webhulokhi omncane uyisethi engaphansi yomthetho omkhulu webhulokhi, futhi lokhu kwakha i-asimethri. Uma i-hardfork yenziwe yasebenza futhi inethiwekhi ihlukana, ama-block node amakhulu azobheka uchungechunge lwebhulokhi encane njengoluvumelekile, kuyilapho ama-nodi wamabhulokhi amancane azobheka i-blockchain enkulu njengengavumelekile. Uma kwenzeka ukuhlukana okuphikisanayo, le-asimethri idale inzuzo yabavimbeli abancane. Okushiwo lokhu ukuthi, uma i-blockchain encane ike yathatha ubufakazi bomsebenzi, i-blockchain enkulu ingashabalala, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Wipeout. Lokhu kungase kungabonakali njengosongo olukhulu, ikakhulukazi uma i-block chain enkulu inenani elikhulu labavukuzi, kodwa umuntu udinga ukucabangela isimo kusukela endaweni yokuhlukaniswa. Uma, ngenhlanhla, lapho ibhulokhi yokuqala engaphezu kuka-1 MB ikhiqizwa, uchungechunge lwamabhulokhi amancane luhamba phambili, lungasula uchungechunge lwebhulokhi enkulu lungabi khona ngokushesha. Lokhu kungaba nomthelela omubi ohlangothini lwebhulokhi enkulu, njengoba abavukuzi bengase besabe ukuphinde bakhiqize ibhulokhi enkulu futhi.

Uma umuntu ecabangela lokhu ngokombono wezimakethe zezimali, ukungafani kwesimo kuba namandla amakhulu nakakhulu. Kudale ithuba lokuthi abaqageli bezezimali babuyisele uhlamvu lwemali ohlangothini lwebhulokhi elincane futhi bafinyeze uhlamvu lwemali ohlangothini lwebhulokhi enkulu. Lokhu kuzoba nomthelela wokwehlisa inani lemali yebhulokhi enkulu kanye nohlamvu lwemali lwebhulokhi encane lukhuphuke, okungabe sekugqugquzela abavukuzi ukuthi bashintshele ochungechungeni lwebhulokhi encane ukuze bathole imiklomelo ephezulu yezimayini. Lokhu ekugcineni kungase kusule ngokuphelele futhi kucekele phansi i-blockchain, kunikeze abaqageli ngenzuzo enkulu.

Le nkinga ibe nokulungiswa okulula: indlela yokwenza kusebenze ingadinga ukuthi ibhulokhi yokuqala endaweni yokuvula ibe nkulu kuno-1 MB, ngaleyo ndlela kubangele ukuhlukaniswa okuhlanzekile lapho kungekho ketango elalisengozini yokusulwa. Kodwa-ke, lapho ngixoxa ngalokhu nabavimbeli abakhulu, ngatshelwa ukuthi lokhu kwakungeyona inkinga, ngoba ukusekelwa kohlangothi olukhudlwana lwebhulokhi kwakungaphezu kwamandla. Abavimbeli abakhulu babuye bakholelwa ukuthi iningi lama-hashrate lichaza i-Bitcoin, futhi kufaka phakathi indawo yokuhlola enjalo ibukela phansi lo mbono. Kwaba sengathi imibono ye-bhulokhi enkulu yenza iketango labo libe sengozini kakhulu. Umvimbeli omncane ovelele nokho, waxoxa nami ngalolu daba. Uthe kungcono ukuthi luthule lolu daba, kungcono singaphazamisi isitha sibe senza iphutha elikhulu, echaza. Abanye abavimbeli abancane bancamela ukugcina leli thuluzi elingaba khona esikhwameni njengendlela yezimo eziphuthumayo okufanele zisetshenziswe uma kwenzeka kwethulwa uchungechunge lwebhulokhi elikhudlwana elinalobu buthakathaka. Njengoba impi iqhubeka, lesi sifundo sagcina sifundiwe abavimbeli abakhulu, futhi bamukela indlela ehlanzekile yokuhlukanisa ngephoyinti lokuhlola. Nokho, kwabathatha kwaze kwaba sehlobo lika-2017 ukwazisa lokhu.

I-Bitcoin Classic (kanye ne-Bitcoin XT) yayinokunye okungalungile okuzenzela yona, okuhlangene ne-asimethri okukhulunywe ngayo ngenhla, kwenza isimo sibe sibi nakakhulu kubo: i-75% rolling activation windows. Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, i-Bitcoin yayisebenzise amaphesenti angu-95 okwenza kusebenze ama-softfork, kodwa lezi zazingaphezu kwezikhathi ezimisiwe zamasonto amabili. Ngokuphambene, i-hardfork ye-Bitcoin Classic yayi no-75% window nefasitela, okusho ukuthi uma amabhulokhi angu-750 ahlatshwe umkhosi wokusekelwa kwe-Classic kunoma yisiphi isikhathi sebhulokhi esingu-1,000 esilandelanayo, izosebenza. Ake sicabange ukuthi abavukuzi bayathuthuka kancane kancane ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, okwakuyiqiniso ngokuthuthukiswa kwangaphambilini. Njengoba isikhathi somusa sasingamaviki amane kuphela lokhu kusho ukuthi, ngesikhathi kukhiqizwa ibhulokhi yokuqala enkulu, cishe amaphesenti angama-25 abavukuzi basazomba i-blockchain encane. Ukube amafasitela okuvota alungisiwe asetshenzisiwe, noma ngabe kunomkhawulo ongamaphesenti angama-75, lokhu bekuyovumela okungenani ithuba lokusekelwa okungaphezu kwamaphesenti angama-75. Empeleni, isimo sasingase sibe sibi nakakhulu. Lapho umuntu enza ukuhlaziya kwezibalo mayelana nokusayina komvukuzi, kucatshangwa ukuthi ukwamukelwa kancane kancane, i-Classic yayingase yeqe lo mkhawulo wamaphesenti angama-75 ngaphambi kokuthi amaphesenti angama-75 abavukuzi athuthuke. Isimo okungenzeka kakhulu kwaba ukuhlukana kwamaphesenti angu-29 vs 71.^[11]

Ngakho-ke iwindi eligoqayo lalicishe liqinisekiswe ukuthi lizobangela ukuhlukana okuyisiphithiphithi. Abavimbeli abakhulu babephikelela empini beboshwe izandla emhlane futhi befake nezimbobo emehlweni. Kungakhathaleki izinombolo nhlangothi zombili, umphumela okungenzeka kwaba ukunqoba kwabavimbe abancane.

Leli windi eliguquguqukayo lalibonakala lingadingeki ngokuphelele futhi wachazelwa uGavin ezikhathini eziningi abanye babathuthukisi beBitcoin. Kodwa-ke, uGavin akazange akhathazeke ngalokhu njengoba, ngokombono wakhe, ukusekelwa kwamabhulokhi amakhulu kwakugcwele kakhulu. Ngakho-ke lokhu kwakungeyona inkinga ebalulekile. Kungenzeka ukuthi kwaba ubuhlakani ku-Gavin ukuthi alalele le mpendulo, njengoba ngomzamo omncane kakhulu owengeziwe ubengawandisa amathuba okwenza ukuthuthukiswa kushelele ngangokunokwenzeka futhi azuze abantu abaningi eceleni kwakhe. Ngempela, uGavin wayehlale enephutha ekucabangeni kwakhe izinga lokusekelwa kweBitcoin Classic. Ngiphephe kangcono kunokuzisola, ngicabanga. Ukwenqaba ukwenza lokhu akuzange kuzizwe njengoGavin omdala kimi, owayebonakala eqaphe ngokwengeziwe endleleni yakhe yokukhuluma futhi enomqondo ovulekile. Kwakubonakala sengathi ukukhungatheka kwakhe ngalesi simo kwakufiphaze ukwahlulela kwakhe ngezinga elithile, futhi wayephelelwa isineke. Mhlawumbe uGavin wayenesizathu esizwakalayo sokulahlekelwa isineke sakhe, futhi mhlawumbe konke lokhu kukhathazeka okuvela kubavimbi abancane kwakungamaqhinga abambezelayo. Umvimbi omncane ayelungile kulokho. Akubanga sengathi abavimbeli abancane bathi “vele ulungise lezi zinto ezimbili futhi sizokweseka i-Classic”. Ukube u-Gavin ukulungisile lokhu, abantu abafanayo ngabe badlulele ezinkingeni ezengeziwe nge-Classics abayikhombile. Ngokwesibonelo, ngabe sebecele ukuthi unhlokweni webhulokhi ukushintsha, ukuze amaklayenti ukukhanya bazi ukuthi hardfork kwenzekile, okwakungesinye isici ukuphepha blockers ezincane ngokuvamile bafuna. Njengeningi lalezi zinkinga empini, iqiniso cishe lilele ndawana thize phakathi, kodwa iqiniso lokuthi abavimbeli abakhulu bagcina bekhulume okunye kwalokhu kukhathazeka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi empini liphakamisa ukuthi mhlawumbe kuneqiniso elithile kusimangalo sokuthi babelimaza. ohlangothini lwabo siqu nalezi zinhlelo kusebenze.

Naphezu kwalobu buthakathaka obungase bube yinhlekelele endleleni yokusebenza ye-Bitcoin Classic, i-Classic yayikhula ngokuduma. Cishe zonke izinkampani ze-Silicon Valley-backed venture e-San Francisco, ezifana ne-Coinbase, zasekela i-Classic. Ubuthakathaka be-Bitcoin Classic babungokwethiyori kakhulu, bebuchwephesha kakhulu futhi bebungaqondwa kabanzi noma kuxoxwe ngakho. Ngalesi sikhathi, abavimbeli abakhulu babenomfutho futhi babeyinqoba impi. Amachibi ezimayini anda, njenge-Bitfury Group, aqale ukusho inhloso yawo yokusekela i-Bitcoin Classic.^[12] Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izinkampani eziningi zomphakathi zazimemezela ukusekela kwazo. Kodwa-ke, inani lamabhulokhi ahlaba umkhosi usekelo lwe-Bitcoin Classic laliphansi kakhulu, futhi ababona abasebenzisi abaningi ababonakala besebenzisa amanodi akudala.

NgoFebhuwari 2016, kwaba nomcimbi obizwa ngokuthi iSatoshi Roundtable. Bekungokwesibili ochungechungeni lwemicimbi yaminyaka yonke eqhubeke kwaze kwaba ngu-2020 enikeza ithuba kubaholi abasesikhaleni se-blockchain ukuthi bahlangane futhi baxoxe ngezindaba ezahlukahlukene. I-ajenda kulokhu ibigcwele udaba lokuvimba. Bengingekho kulo mcimbi, ngakho-ke angikwazi ukunikeza i-akhawunti yokuqala. UBrian Armstrong ubekhona, nokho, kanye nozakwabo ngaleso sikhathi, umsunguli weLitecoin nomfowabo kaBobby Lee, uCharlie Lee. Ngemva kwengqungquthela, uBrian wabhala i-blogpost egxeka abathuthukisi abaningana be-Bitcoin Core futhi ememezela ukusekela kwakhe i-Bitcoin Classic. Ngokusuka enkumbulweni, ekuqaleni okuthunyelwe bekunolaka kakhulu ku-Bitcoin Core, nokho lokhu kwalungiswa ngokushesha ngokuthunyelwe okumaphakathi.

Ngokombono wami, mhlawumbe ingozi enkulu ku-bitcoin njengamanje, ngokuxakayo, enye yezinto ezisize kakhulu esikhathini esidlule: abathuthukisi be-bitcoin core.…Iqembu eliyinhloko liqukethe abantu abane-IQ ephakeme kakhulu, kodwa kunezinto engizithola zithinta kakhulu ngabo njengeqembu ngemva kokuchitha isikhathi nabo ngempelasonto edlule. Ezinye zazo zibonisa amakhono okuxhumana ampofu kakhulu noma ukuntula ukuvuthwa - lokhu kuye kwalimaza ikhono le-bitcoin lokuletha abathuthukisi bephrothokholi abasha esikhaleni. Bakhetha izixazululo 'eziphelele' kunokuba 'ezinhle ngokwanele'. Futhi uma lingekho ikhambi eliphelele libonakala lilungile ngokungenzi lutho, noma ngabe lokho kubeka bitcoin engcupheni.…Kudingeka sakhe ithimba elisha elizosebenza nge-bitcoin protocol. Ithimba elamukela onjiniyela abasha emphakathini, elizimisele ukwenza uhwebo oluphusile, kanye nethimba elizosiza inqubo ukuthi iqhubeke nokukhula. Uzobe uzwa okwengeziwe ngalokhu enyangeni ezayo noma ezimbili.… Uma ufuna ukuqinisekisa impumelelo ye-Bitcoin, ngingakukhuthaza ukuthi uthuthukele ku-Bitcoin Classic esikhathini esifushane …Nginikeze nesibonelo seziphequluli zewebhu. Ithimba le-Chrome ne-Safari izimbangi ezinolaka, kodwa futhi lihambela izingqungquthela ezifanayo futhi lihlanganyele ne-IETF kumazinga. Izinkampani eziningi ezincintisanayo bezikhona nakule ngqungquthela. Babengenabo ubutha noma ukulwa phakathi komunye nomunye. Sonke sisebenza embonini efanayo futhi singabangane ngezindlela eziningi. Kungaba okufanayo namaqembu amaningi asebenza ngephrothokholi ye-bitcoin. Ngokunikeza ukukhetha emakethe uzothola inqubekelaphambili eyengeziwe, hhayi ngaphansi.^[13]

Okungenhla kuyisifinyezo sezingxenye eziphikisana kakhulu zokuthunyelwe kukaBrian. Kubonise ngokusobala ukucasuka okukhulayo kwabanye babathuthukisi be-Bitcoin Core kanye nesifiso sokuthi i-Bitcoin igqashule kubo.

UBrian uveze isibonelo samaqembu onjiniyela aqhudelanayo kuziphequluli zewebhu, i-Chrome vs Safari. Yiqiniso, kwabavimbeli abancane lokhu kwabonisa ukuthi uBrian wayengasiqondi isimo. Iziphequluli zewebhu bezingenalo uhlelo lokuvumelana emhlabeni jikelele. Kubavimbeli abancane, le mpi yayingahlangene namaqembu aqhudelanayo; kwakumayelana nemithetho yokuvumelana yenethiwekhi yokuncintisana ngakho-ke izinhlamvu zemali ezincintisanayo, ezinamandla entengo yemakethe nokugeleza kwezimali phakathi kwezinhlamvu zemali, kanye nabo bonke ubunzima obuhlanganisa ukuhlukaniswa. I-Bitcoin Classic yayingeyona ngisho neqembu eliqhudelanayo nhlobo. Ikakhulukazi kwakuyikhodi efanayo ne-Bitcoin Core, enemingcele embalwa eshintshiwe. Kwakukhona amaqembu aqhudelanayo, ane-codebase ehlukile ku-Bitcoin Core, esebenzisa i-Bitcoin. Lawa amanye amaklayenti e-Bitcoin ayebhalwe ngezilimi ezahlukene, isibonelo, i-Libbitcoin noma i-BTCD. Ukwehluleka ukwazisa umehluko phakathi kwezinhlamvu zemali eziqhudelanayo namaqembu aqhudelanayo kwakuyiphutha elibalulekile elivela kubavimbi abakhulu. Ngokombono we-blocker encane, abavimbeli abakhulu babefuna amabhulokhi amakhulu kodwa babengaqondi ukuthi i-Bitcoin isebenze kanjani noma ukuthi iqhutshwa kanjani i-hardfork, ngakho-ke bavumela ukukhungatheka kwabo ku-Bitcoin Core kanye nethimba lokuthuthukiswa, umhlatjhelo olula.

Naphezu kokuntuleka kokusayina okubalulekile kwabavukuzi be-Bitcoin Classic, ngoFebhuwari 2016 kwaba nomuzwa wokuthi abavukuzi bazobe belungiselela ukusayina, futhi ukwenza kusebenze kubonakale njengento engenzeka ngempela. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukusekelwa kukaCoinbase kwe-Classic manje kwakubukeka kuzwakala. Njengoba kunikezwe eminye imingcele ehilelekile ekusebenzeni nasekuxazululeni kwezivimba ezincane, abavimbeli abakhulu abahlulekile ukukwazisa, i-Bitcoin ibonakale kimi ingena enkingeni enkulu futhi ihlukana. Ngalesi sikhathi empini, uhlangothi olukhudlwana lwebhulokhi lwalusesimweni esinamandla kunanini ngaphambili, kuyilapho abavimbeli abancane basenamaqhinga athile asele emikhonweni yabo. I-Bitcoin yazizwa isonqenqemeni lokwehluleka okuyinhlekelele.

# Impi mayelana ne-Blocksize

# I-Bitcoin Classic

Impi mayelana ne-Blocksize

I-Bitcoin Classic