Impi mayelana ne-Blocksize

I-Segwit

Esigabeni sokuqala sosuku lwesibili lwe-Scaling Bitcoin Hong Kong, phakathi nenye yezindawo ezihamba phambili, umthuthukisi we-Bitcoin u-Pieter Wuille wanikeza inkulumo ngokuthile okubizwa ngokuthi i-Segregated Witness (SegWit). I-SegWit iyindlela yokwandisa usayizi we-Bitcoin blocksize, ngaphandle kokuthi iklayenti elisha lingahambisani (okungukuthi kwakuyi-softfork kune-hardfork). Ukuthengiselana kweBitcoin kuqukethe izingxenye ezihlukahlukene, enye yazo okuyisignesha, egunyaza ukusetshenziswa kwemali. Lesi siginesha ngokuvamile siyingxenye enkulu kakhulu yomsebenzi, ngokusekelwe enanini ledatha. I-SegWit yayiyifomethi entsha yokwenziwe, lapho isiginesha yayingeke idinge ukufakwa kubhulokhi endala, eyayisenomkhawulo ongu-1 MB. Amaklayenti athuthukele ku-SegWit azobona ibhulokhi entsha, ehlanganisa lawa masignesha; kulawa maklayenti amasha, umkhawulo omdala we-blocksize ongu-1 MB wasuswa futhi wathathelwa indawo yiyunithi eyizigidi ezi-4 "umkhawulo wesisindo". Umkhawulo wesisindo uchazwe njengeliphindwe kane inani ledatha engasayiniwe ngamabhayithi kanye nenani ledatha yesiginesha ehlukanisiwe, ngamabhayithi. Lokhu kwakusho ukuthi idatha yesiginesha ithole isaphulelo ekubalweni, kodwa umkhawulo uwonke uzoba cishe ngu-2 MB, okuyinto abantu abaningi ababonakala beyifuna: ukukhushulwa komkhawulo we-blocksize cishe ku-2 MB.

Umthuthukisi we-Bitcoin ozinze eFlorida obizwa ngokuthi u-Luke Dashjr uthole ukugebenga, okwenza i-SegWit yenzeke njengokuthuthukiswa kwe-Bitcoin (i-softfork) ehambisanayo. U-Luke wayethathwa njengomunye wabavimbeli abancane ngokwedlulele futhi engomunye onenzondo emphakathini omkhulu wamabhulokhi, eceleni kukaGregory Maxwell. ULuka wayengesabi nhlobo ukuphuma esixukwini nemibono yakhe yokungavumelani. Ngokwezinga elithile, umKatolika ozinikele kanye nobaba wabantwana abayisikhombisa kwakunguCassandra womphakathi wezobuchwepheshe; iqine ngokwedlulele. Kodwa-ke, uLuka ngokusobala wayenokuqonda okuqinile kwezobuchwepheshe ngeBitcoin, futhi ukucabanga kwakhe okusobala okungelona umugqa, okwamenza wabona izinto ngendlela ehlukile kwabanye, kungenzeka kwamsiza ukuba acabange ngalokhu kugebenga abanye abathuthukisi abangakwazi ukukuxazulula.

Kulabo ababekuqonda, i-SegWit ibonakala njengesiphakamiso esihle sokuwina. Inethiwekhi ingafinyelela kumabhulokhi angu-2 MB, nokho sigweme inkinga yokuthuthukiswa kokungahambisani. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, ama-wallet amadala nama-wallet amasha ayengakwazi ukuxhumana ngaphandle komthungo futhi ukuthuthukiswa kwakungokuzithandela ngokuphelele: abasebenzisi bangathuthukela ku-SegWit, noma baqhubeke nokusebenzisa inethiwekhi njengangaphambili. Ngokombono wama-wallet amadala, ukuthengiselana kwesitayela esisha kuzobe kushoda isiginesha. Kodwa-ke, isikhwama sisazobona okwenziwayo futhi sikubone njengokuvumelekile uma sesifakiwe ku-blockchain. I-SegWit iphinde yasho ukuthi umthamo wokwenziwayo ungase ukhule ngokushesha kunomkhawulo olula we-blocksize ukwandisa i-hardfork, ngoba ngeke kudingeke silinde wonke umuntu ukuthi athuthuke futhi singase siqale ukusebenzisa i-blockspace entsha ngokushesha okunengqondo.

Akukhona nje ukuthi i-SegWit ibonakala iyinqola eqinile ye-Bitcoin, iphinde yabonakala iyisu elihle lokunyakaza, noma ngabe ngamabomu noma cha, kubavimbi abancane empini ye-blocksize. Lesi siphakamiso besimane sisihle kakhulu azikho izimpikiswano ezizwakalayo eziphikisana naso. U-Gavin kwakuzodingeka asekele isiphakamiso se-SegWit, futhi ingxenye enkulu wakwenza.^[1] Uma izingqungquthela zokukala bekuyitulo elingemuva kwesigcawu lokuthenga isikhathi nokukhulula lo mbono, kusho ukuthi udlalwe kahle! Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi angikwenzi lokhu kusola lapha. Abavimbeli abakhulu bebezomiswa emikhondweni yabo ngomkhankaso wabo we-hardfork, futhi isikhathi esibalulekile besizothengwa. Ngikhumbula ngikhuluma nabanye abavimbeli abakhulu asebenesikhathi eside ngaleso sikhathi. Bangazisa ukuthi babecabanga ukuthi babehlulwe yilokho ababekubheka njengesiphakamiso esihlakaniphile.

Yiqiniso, konke lokhu kwakungokombono. Ezweni lokucatshangelwa, lapho wonke umuntu eqonda i-SegWit futhi bonke abalingisi babenengqondo, kwakuyisinyathelo esihle kakhulu. Njengoba abantu bephikisana ngomkhawulo we-blocksize, isiphakamiso sawususa umkhawulo safaka okunye esikhundleni saso, ngaleyo ndlela sichitha ingxabano. Nokho, eqinisweni lokho kwakukude neze. I-SegWit yayiyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi cishe akekho owayeyiqonda. Lesi kwakuyisibonelo sokuqala esikhulu sabavimbeli abancane abalinganisela ngokweqile ukuhlakanipha kwabamelene nabo, noma okungenani balinganisele ikhono labamelene nabo lokuqonda izici zesayensi yekhompiyutha. Isibonelo, uma ubheka emuva isiphakamiso bekumele sivele sibizwe ngokuthi "Khuphuka ukuya kumabhulokhi angu-2 MB". Esikhundleni salokho, yayinegama eliyimfihlo elijulile nelididayo, elalizwakala isolisa kakhulu kubavimbi abakhulu, ababefuna into ecacile nelula abangayiqonda. Abavimbeli abakhulu babonakala bebona ukuthi lesi sinyathelo sivela esitheni sabo futhi bafuna indlela yabo. Le mpi yayimayelana nokulawula, futhi babefuna ukulawula. Babone i-SegWit njengendlela eyengeziwe yokumisa, ukumisa amabhlogo amakhulu. Ngakho-ke, ngaphandle kokuqonda ngempela i-SegWit, baphikisana nayo.

Njengoba i-SegWit iqala ukwaziwa emphakathini wezobuchwepheshe, imibono eyiphutha nokungaqondi phakathi kwabavimbeli abakhulu kwaqala ukukhuphuka. Lokhu kungaboni ngaso linye namahemuhemu ahlanganisa (kodwa awazange aphelele) kulokhu okulandelayo:

I-SegWit ayiwona "wangempela" ukukhuphuka komkhawulo wokuvimba, icindezela kuphela ukuthengiselana (kuyiqiniso ukuthi, nge-SegWit, amaklayenti angathuthukisiwe asabona amabhulokhi angu-1 MB kuphela, kodwa lokhu kuyiqiniso futhi nge-hardfork kusukela ama-node amadala aphoqelela i-1 MB. Nge-SegWit, ama-node athuthukisiwe awabona amabhulokhi amakhulu kuno-1 MB, okungenzeka ukuthi yilokhu abavimbeli abakhulu ababekufuna);
I-Bitcoin isekelwe ochungechungeni lwamasiginesha edijithali, i-SegWit eyisusayo ngaleyo ndlela igqabule iketango futhi idale ubungozi bokuphepha;
Uma umsebenzi wasemayini engathuthukeli i-SegWit futhi ekhiqiza ibhulokhi, leli bhulokhi lizonqatshwa amaklayenti athuthukisiwe. Lokhu kwandisa ubungozi bokuhlukaniswa kweketango (lokhu kufanele kwenzeke kuphela uma umsebenzi wasemayini esebenzisa isofthiwe yangokwezifiso eklanywe ngamabomu ukuhlukanisa iketango);
Uma umsebenzisi ethuthukela ku-SegWit, ngeke akwazi ukuthumela izimali kumsebenzisi ongakathuthukisiwe;
Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-SegWit kungahlehliswa, bese izinhlamvu zemali ezingaphakathi kwe-SegWit eziphumayo zingantshontshwa yinoma ubani (ukuhlehlisa i-SegWit kungaba i-hardfork).

Ukungaqondi kahle okuningi kwakungenangqondo ngakho-ke ukuphikisa kwakungavezwa kalula. Babonakala bevela eqinisweni lokuthi abantu abaningi babengaziqondi ngempela izisekelo zokuthengiselana kwe-Bitcoin kwasekuqaleni. Isibonelo, inkulumo ethi "ikheli lefomethi ye-SegWit" yayivame ukushiwo, kodwa i-SegWit yayingenayo ifomethi yekheli entsha, noma ehlukile. Uma abantu babengayiqondi indlela yokuthengiselana kwe-Bitcoin, ukuchaza umakhenikha we-SegWit kwakungenakwenzeka.

I-SegWit ibonakale iyinkimbinkimbi kangangokuthi ngisho noJeff Garzik wayebonakala engayiqondi. Wayecabanga ukuthi kuzoba “namabhakede amabili” okubhida imali: elilodwa lihlobene nomkhawulo omdala ongu-1 MB, kanti elinye lihlobene neyunithi yomkhawulo wesisindo esiyizigidi ezi-4.^[2] Eqinisweni, imikhawulo emibili, i-blocksize ne-blockweight, zakhiwe ngendlela yokuthi zihambisane futhi zilingane, ukuze kube nebhakede elilodwa lemakethe yemali. Lokhu akukhona ukugxeka uJeff; I-SegWit kwakuyisiphakamiso esinzima kakhulu ukwazisa nokuqonda ngokugcwele, okubonakale kuwubuthakathaka obuyisisekelo bombono. Lokhu nje kukhombisa ukuthi, nakuba, ngokwezobuchwepheshe, i-SegWit kungenzeka ibe yindlela eqinile eya phambili, kwakungenakwenzeka ukuxhumana ngalokhu nomphakathi we-Bitcoin ngenxa yobunkimbinkimbi obuhilelekile.

Kube khona izimpikiswano ezivumelekile ezimelene ne-SegWit, ngaphandle kwezinga eliphezulu lobunkimbinkimbi. Ukuze uthole izinzuzo ze-SegWit kanye nendawo yokuvimba eyandayo, izikhwama zabasebenzisi kwakudingeka zithuthuke ukuze zisekele ifomethi entsha yokwenziwe. Lokhu kungathatha isikhathi esiningi kunokwenyuka okulula kwe-hardfork, okungadingi ukuthi amafomethi okwenziwayo ashintshe. Kufanele kuphawulwe, nokho, ukuthi ngokushesha nje lapho abanye abasebenzisi bethuthukela ku-SegWit, izokhulula indawo yokuvimba kwababambe iqhaza ababephuza ukuthuthukisa.

Kwabaningi babavimbeli abancane, ukuthola abasebenzisi ukuthi bathuthukele kufomethi entsha yokwenziwe bekuyingxenye yephuzu le-SegWit. Ngokungeziwe ekunikezeni ukukhushulwa komkhawulo wokuvimba, ifomethi entsha yokwenziwe ye-SegWit iphinde yalungisa inani leziphazamisi, okuwukuthi ukusebenziseka kalula kokwenziwayo kwenkampani yangaphandle kanye nokukalwa okungekona komugqa kokusebenza kwe-sighash. Ngeke ngingene emininingwaneni eminingi lapha. Kafushane, ukonakala kokwenziwe kwenkampani yangaphandle kuyinkinga ephakamayo ngoba noma ngubani unamandla okushintsha i-ID yokwenziwe ye-Bitcoin ngaphambi kokuthi iqinisekiswe ku-blockchain, kanye nokuthi umsebenzi uhlale uvumelekile. Lokhu kudale izinkinga kwezinye izikhwama zemali nabathengisi esikhathini esidlule, ababenenkinga yokulandelela izimali. Kuyisiphazamisi. Ukulungisa lokhu futhi bekudingeka ngandlela thize kunethiwekhi yezentengiselwano ebizwa ngokuthi umbani.

Ukukalwa okungewona umugqa kokusebenza kwe-sighash kusho ukuthi, njengoba inani lokokufaka ekwenyukeni kokwenziwayo likhuphuka, inani lemisebenzi ye-hashing edingekayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe umsebenzi likhuphuka kane kunendlela yomugqa. Le nkinga yokukala ibiyisithiyo kumabhulokhi amakhulu, njengoba abahlaseli bebengadala ukuthengiselana okuthathe isikhathi eside ukuqinisekisa ukuthi inethiwekhi ingama. Le nkinga empeleni ibingesinye sezizathu eziyinhloko ezishiwo ngabavimbeli abancane ngokuphikisana nokwenyuka komkhawulo wokuvimba, njengoba abahlaseli bengasebenzisa lobu buthakathaka. Umhlaseli angakha ibhulokhi equkethe okuningi kwalokhu kuthenga okukhulu, kangangoba kungathatha ikhompuyutha evamile amahora amaningi ukuthi iqinisekise. Ngakho-ke, kubavimbeli abaningi abancane ukulungisa le nkinga kwakuyimfuneko yokwenyuswa komkhawulo wokuvimba. Baklolodela abavimbeli abakhulu ngokunganaki lobu buthakathaka futhi bengenawo umqondo wokuphikisa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abavimbeli abakhulu babonakala bekholelwa ukuthi i-Bitcoin yayicishe ingabhubhi, njengoba bevame ukuyibeka. Abavimbeli abancane bathi ukuqina kwesistimu kubangelwa ukusebenza kanzima kanye nokuqapha okuvela ethimbeni lezokuthuthukiswa, kodwa lokho akuzange kuthokozelwe umphakathi ngezinga okufanele libe ngalo. Iningi labavimbeli abakhulu bakholelwa ukuthi ukulungisa lezi zimbungulu akufanele kube yinto eza kuqala; kwakungumkhawulo we-blocksize owawuwukhiye.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi, lapho usebenzisa i-SegWit, lezi ziphazamisi zalungiswa. Ngokombono wama-blocker amancane, lokhu kwenza umqondo ophelele. Nge-SegWit, singagcina umkhawulo omdala ongu-1 MB wemisebenzi yenqola endala engazange ikhule kahle, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo sibe nesikhala esiningi esitholakalayo sokuthenga okusha ngaphandle kweziphazamisi. Ngokombono wobunjiniyela, i-SegWit ibonakala iyinhle kakhulu. Inkinga, futhi, kwaba inkimbinkimbi; abasebenzisi abaningi beBitcoin bebengazi ngalezi zinkinga futhi bebengenandaba nazo. Futhi i-Bitcoin ingaphezu nje kobunjiniyela nesayensi yekhompyutha. Futhi kuwuhlelo lwezenhlalo, uhlelo lokukhokha bukhoma, uhlelo lwezomnotho, kanye nohlelo lwezezimali. Ukuthi i-SegWit yenza umqondo yini uma ibheka kulawa ma-engeli kwakungacace kangako.

Nakuba umqondo we-SegWit wethulwa engqungqutheleni ngoZibandlela wezi-2015 e-Hong Kong, kwakusafanele usetshenziswe, uhlaziywe, uhlolwe futhi kuxoxwe ngakho. Kwaze kwafika ngoNovemba 2016 lapho i-SegWit ekugcineni ikhishwa ku-Bitcoin Core, ukulinda isikhathi eside ngaphezu kwezinyanga ze-10. Ngisho noma ikhishwe ku-Bitcoin Core, lokhu akusho ukuthi abantu bangaqala ukusebenzisa i-SegWit. Kwakuwushintsho emithethweni yephrothokholi, noma, ngokunembile, ukuqiniswa kwemithetho yephrothokholi noma i-softfork. Lokhu kusho ukuthi bekukhona indlela yokwenza kusebenze. Imishini ekhethiwe yokuvula kwakuwukuthi abavukuzi kufanele babonise ukwesekwa. Uma amaphesenti angu-95 wamabhuloki ebonisa usekelo kuwindi lokulungisa lobunzima obungu-2,016-bhulokhi, i-softfork izobe isisebenza, ngemva kwesinye isikhathi somusa samaviki amabili. Uma, ngemva kwezinyanga ezingu-12, ukusebenza kwakungenzekanga, ukuthuthukiswa kuzoyekiswa.

Kubavimbeli abakhulu, le ndlela yokwenza kusebenze ibingafaneleki. Awusoze uthole isivumelwano esingamaphesenti angama-95 kunoma yini, baphikisana. Lokhu kuzovumela noma iyiphi inhlanganisela encane yabavukuzi, ngamaphesenti amahlanu nje we-hashrate, ukuthi ivimbe ushintsho. Abanye abavimbeli abakhulu babone lo mkhawulo wokuqalisa we-95% njengeqhinga lokumisa, futhi bakhetha umkhawulo we-75% ku-Bitcoin XT. Abavimbeli abakhulu bavame ukubona amafulegi abavukuzi njengevoti, inqubo yokwenza izinqumo. Kulo mongo, amaphesenti angama-95 awazange abonakale enengqondo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abavimbeli abancane babone amafulegi njengendlela yokubonisa noma isici sokuphepha. Ngokombono wabo, abasebenzisi banqume ngemithetho yephrothokholi kanye nokusayina kwabavukuzi kwakudingeka ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukushintshwa okuphephile emithethweni emisha. Bekungathathwa njengenqubo yokuvota yepolitiki.

Ngaphandle kwalokho, amaphesenti angama-95 awakhethwanga ndawo. Ama-softforks amathathu okugcina e-Bitcoin asesebenze wonke kusetshenziswa lo mkhawulo ofanayo wephesenti we-95: i-BIP 66 (ikhawulela amasiginesha ku-DER encoding) ngoJulayi 2015; I-BIP 65 (Hlola Isikhathi Sokukhiya Qinisekisa) ngoDisemba 2015; kanye ne-BIP 68, BIP 112 kanye ne-BIP 113, ama-softfork amathathu ahlukene asebenze ngesikhathi esifanayo ngoJulayi 2016. I-SegWit yayisanda kukhetha ukuqhubeka nendlela yokwenza kusebenze efanayo (noma eshintshwe kancane). Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi lawa ma-softforks angaphambili awazange athuthuke ngokuphelele. Ukwenziwa kusebenze kwe-BIP 66 ngoJulayi 2015 kubangele ukuhlukana kweketango emabhuloki ambalwa, njengoba abavukuzi babonakala behluleka ukuthuthukisa i-softfork, naphezu kokuhlaba umkhosi ukuthi bathuthukile. Ukuthuthukiswa kwangoJulayi 2016 nakho kwathatha isikhathi eside kunalokho obekulindelwe futhi umphakathi kwadingeka unxenxe amachibi ezimayini ukuze ubonise ukwesekwa. Amachibi ezimayini ohlangothini olukhulu lwe-block yenkulumo-mpikiswano ayehamba kancane ukuthuthukisa le softfork engahlobene, mhlawumbe ngenxa yezinga elithile lokudumazeka nge-Bitcoin Core.

Uma kubhekwa umlando ongenhla kanye nokungezwani okusha emphakathini, ngesikhathi i-SegWit ikhishwa kwaba nokungaqiniseki okukhulu ngokuthi abavukuzi bazoyenza isebenze i-SegWit noma cha. Ngempela, enye yamachibi ezimayini, i-ViaBTC, yayisivele ikhombisile ukuthi ngeke ikusekele ukuthuthukiswa ngisho nangaphambi kokuba iklayenti likhululwe.^[3] Ngenkathi i-SegWit yayiyizangoma zobunjiniyela, ayizange yenze lutho olutheni ukudambisa ukungezwani kulengxabano.

# Impi mayelana ne-Blocksize

# I-Segwit

Impi mayelana ne-Blocksize

I-Segwit