Bitcoin: Ubuhinga ngurukana bumenyi bwokuriha amafaranga hagati y'abantu babiri

Yanditswe na Satoshi Nakamoto 2008/10/31

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Incamake

Uburyo bufatiye kuwurungika n'uwakira bw'ukuriha amahera biciye kubuhinga ngurukana bumenyi vyokurungika vyihuse bivuye kugace kamwe bidaciye kwishirahamwe ry'ukuguranana. ibidodo bifatiye kuri mudasobwo bitanga igice c'inyishu, ariko uburusho nyamukuru buba bwatakaya nimba igice c'uruhande rw'icizere bukenewe kugira hirindwe isasagura kabiri. Turashikiriza iciyumviro c'inyishu kungorane z'ugusesagura kabiri mugukoresha umuryango ushingiye kuribabiri. Umuryango ushingura irihwa n'irihishwa mugushirahamwe urukwirikirane rubandanya rw'iyemezwa y'ibikorwa bifatiye kw'ishingugwa, biba mugushingura ibidashobora guhindugwa iyo udasubiyemwo iyemezwa ry'ibikorwa. Urukwirikirane rurerure rufasha turetse gusa nk'icemeza c'uruhererekane rw'ivyabonetse, ariko nk'icemeza c'ivyavuye mw'ibenga rinini ry'ubushobozi bw'uguharura bwa CPU. Mugihe ivyinshi cane mubushobozi bw'uguharura bw CPU busuzumwa n'amapfundo budakorera hamwe mugutera kugira butere umuryango, bizotanga urukwirikirane rurerure cane hama birenge abatera. Umuryango wo ushaka urwubako ruto rushoboka. Ubutumwa busabikanirijwe kunushinge rw'uwukomeye, hama amapfundo ashobora kugenda hama agahamvya umuryango iyo ubishatse, ukemera urukwirikirane rw'iyemezwa ry'igikorwa kirekire nk'iyemezwa rw'ivyoshoboye gukorwa mugihe c'igisibo cayo.

Intangamarara

Urudandazwa bwokubuhinga ngurukana bumenyi nkabwose bwishimikije amashirahamwe yokuguranana akora nkamashirahamwe y'ivyabona yizewe kugira asuzume irihwa ryaciye kuri nyabwonnko. Nkuko ubuhinga bukora neza cane kenshi kwigura n'igurishwa, irafise ingorane bikoranye kurubwo buryo bushingiye kucizere. irihwa n'irihishwa umuntu atokwihenda nagato ntabwo ribaho nagato, kuko amashirahamwe yokuguranana ntashobora kureka gukosora amakosa. Igiciro c'uguhuza congereza amahera arihirwa mukurungika n'ukwakira, bikagabanya igiciro c'ayarungikwa n'ayakirwa, kandi bigahagarika abarungika n'abakira make mugihe bavyipfuza, kandi hari ibiciro binini umuntu agatakaza ubushobozi mugukora irihwa ridakosorwa mubufasha budakosorwa. Hamwe n'ubushobozi bwokudahindura, ugushaka icizerere birakwizwakwizwa. Abadanza bategerezwa kutizera ababashora, bakabaza ibibazo vy'umurengera bitari bikenewe. urugezo kanaka rwa magendo ruremerwa nkurudashobora kwirindwa. Ivyobiciro hamwe n'ukutizera irihishwa bishobora kubuza umuntu gukoresha amafaranga y'ibipapuro, ariko ntabuhinga nabumwe bubaho kugira urihe biciye kubuhinga bwogutumatumanako atagice c'ishirahamwe y'icizere.

Igikenewe, n'uko ubuhinga bwokuriha biciye kuri nyabwonko banshingiye kuvyabona bukoranywe n'ubuhinga bwokunyegeza inyandiko, ahokuba bushingiye kucizere, bifasha abipfuza kurihwa n'ukurihisha vyihuse hatirirwa harifashishwa irindishirahamwe ry'icizere. Irihwa n'irihishwa bigoye cane gucurika n'ugucurura nivyovyokingira uwugurisha amayeri, hamwe nubuhinga bw'amayeri bugezweho bwoshobora gushigwaho kugira bukingire abagurisha. Muri runo rwandiko turabwira inyishu kurizongorane z'ugusesagura kabiri mugukoresha ubushinguzi bwa timestamp basangijwe hagati ya babiri babiri kugira butange ivyemeza bitanzwa n'ubuhinga nyabwonko bifatiye kurukwirikirane rwirihwa n'irihishwa. Ubuhinga burakingiwe mugihe amapfundo y'icizere acunze icarimwe ubushobozi bwinshi bwa CPU kurusha uyundi mutigiri uwariwe wese ukoraniye kuyandi mapfundp y'abashaka gusambura.

Kurungika n'ukwakira

Dutanga intangamarara y'amahera yokubuhinga ngurukana bumenyi: nkurukwirikirane rw'imikono yokurinyabwonko. Uwufise amahera arungika icabona kuyikwirikira mugeterako umukono w'inyabwonko ikoresheje ubuhinga bwa hachage bw'irungika n'iyakira biheruka hamwe n'urupfunguruzo rwa bose kuri kamere k'iyikwirikira, hama hakongengwa kuyikwirikira. Nyene ikintu arashobora gusuzuma umukono kugira asuzume urukwirikirane rw'ibiwuranga

Ingorane vyukuri nuko banyenevyo badashobora gusuzuma ko imwe muri kamere itakoreceshejwe incuro zibiri kuri buri agace. Inyishu nshasha ifasha gushiraho ugwego nyamukuru rwizewe, canke amahera, ashobora gusuzuma buri kurungika n'ukwakira kugira irinde ugusesagura kabiri. Inyuma yaburi kurungika canke kwakira , burigice gitegerezwa guhindugwa mumafaranga kugira hasubire kurungikwa ikindi gice, kandi gusa ibice vyarungitswe bivuye kumahera gusa, niko bimeze ntizishobora gukoreshwa kabiri. Ingorane murizonyishu n'uko kazoza kubwo buhinga bwamahera bufatiye gusa kwishirahamwe riziganya amahera, burikurungika canke kwakira bitegeza guca muriryo, kurya kw'ibanki

Turakeneye uburyo kugira banyene ikintu bashobora kumenya ko banyene ikintu baheruka batateye umukono kw'irungikwa n'iyakira riheruka. Mubihe vyacu, irihwa n'irihishwa ryakera niryo rikenewe kubwivyo ntituba tukicikeka ukugerageza ukw'ariko kwose kw'ugusesagura incuro zibiri. uburyo bwonyene bwo kwemeza ukutariha n'ukurihishwa n'ukumenya irihwa n'irihishwa iryariryo ryose. Muburyo bushingiye kumahera , amahera niyo yarazi burirungikwa n'iyakira kandi igahitamwo ayashika ubwambere. Kugira hashoboke kuba ivyo atagice c'icizere, irungikwa n'iyakira bitegerezwa kuvugigwa kumugaragaro, kandi turakeneye ubuhinga kugira ababirimwo bemera inkuru imwe ryitegeko baronse. Nyene ikintu abakeneye icemeza kuri burirungikwa n'iyakira, hama amapfundo menshi akaba yemeranyako ariyambere yakiwe

Mudasobwa y'iyadika ry'ibihe (timestamp)

Inyishu dushikiriza muntango hamwe n'izo nyabwoko zibika ibihe. inyabwonko ibika ibihe ikora mugufata ivyanditse vyose vyigice c'ivyanditse hama ikagisanzagiza kure hashoboka ivyovyanditse vyose, akarorero nko mukinyamakuru canke muri ingurukana bumenyi yakera, ibikwa ry'ibihe vyerekanako ibikoresho vyategezwa kubaho muricogihe, nyene kugira bibe murizo nyabwonko zibika ibihe. Buri herodatage irimwo herodatage ikwirikiranwa na hachage, hama bigakora urukwirikirane, hama buri hachage yiyongereyeko ikomeza iyo ikwirikira.

Ivyemeza igikogwa

Kugira dushireho mudasobwo zishobora gushirako ibidodo kubuhinga bushingiye hagati ya babiri, Dutegerezwa gukora ubuhinga bushingiye kw'iyemezwa ry'igikorwa bisa niy'iyinjizwa n'isohora ya Adam Back [6], ahogukoresha ibisa n'ugusabikanya ugusanzagiza amakuru canke ibinyamakuru vyakera. ivyemeze vyigikogwa bituma ubushakashatsi bwukurondera agaciro, iyo ukwinjiza n'ugusohora, nkakarorero SHA-256, iyinjizwamwo ritanguzwa n'igiharuro kanaka gitanguzwa n'ubusa. igikwogwa kigeranye gikenewe kiraduga mugiharuro vy'ubusa gikenewe kandi gishobora gusuzumwa mugukora iyinjiza n'isohora rimwe.

Kubw'umuryango wacu w'ugushirahamwe , dushiraho iyemezwa ry'igikorwa kugira dushireho igiharuro gikoreshwa rimwe gusa murukuta gushika igiciro gitowe butanga kw'ihirizwahamwe ry'ibikuta bitanga ubusa. iyo inguvu za CPU vyatanzwe kugira bitume isa n'agashiruka bute k'igikorwa, urukuta ntirushobora gusubirwamwo iyo hadahinduwe igikorwa. nkuko ibikuta bizagukwirikira bishobora gukwirikirana inyuma y'icambere, igikorwa kugira hahindugwe urukuta bisubizamwo ibikuta vyose inyuma y'ico.

Iyemezwa ry'igikorwa itanga inyishu kandi kungorane yokugena igifatirwako mugufata ingingo rusangi iyaba vyinshi vyaribifatiye kuguhitamwo bifatiye kundangakintu ya IP. Iyemezwa ry'igikogwa ryerekana uguhitamwo kwa UCP (Urugezo Nfatirwako rw'Ugusuzuma). Ingingo yabenshi ishushanijwe kurukwirikirane rurerure, ifise inguvu zirihamwe y'iyemezwa ry'igikorwa cakozwe. Nimba Inguvu zirihamwe z'ugusuzuma zihagarikiwe namapfundo yizewe, Urworukwirikirane rwizewe ruzoduga vyihuse, hama ruzorenge izindi nkwirikirane bikebana. kugira uhindure urunani ruheruka, uwuruteye ategerezwa gusubiramwo iyemezwa ry'igikorwa ry'urunani hama urunani rwose rugakwirikira, hama bigahamvya hama bikarengana amafundo yizewe. Tuzobereka hanyuma ko amahirwe kuwutera yitonze yo guhamvya bipunguka kumuvuduko muremure kuburyo inani zindi zongeweko.

Kugira hasubirizwe iyongera ry'umuvuduko y'ikintu hamwe nihindagurika ryangurukana bumenyi mugukoresha amafundo burimwanya, ibibazo vy'ivyemeza vy'ibikorwa bishigwaho n'uburyo buhinduka bugamije igiharuro kanaka k'urunani burisaha. nimba bisabikanijwe hakirikare, ingorane ziriyongera .

Umuryango

Imice ifasha gukora umuryango n'iyi ikwirikira:

1. Irungikwa n'iyakira rishasha rirakwirakwizwa kumapfundo yose.
2. Buripfundo rihuza irungikwa n'iyakira rishasha k'urunani
3. Buripfundo rikora kugira rironke iyemezwa ry'igikowa kigoye k'urunani
4. Iyo ipfundo rironse ivyimezwa ry'igikorwa, irasabikanya urunani kamapfundo yose.
5. Amapfundo ntiyemera urunani kiretse gusa iyo irungikwa n'iyakira birimwo vyemewe hama bikaba bitarasesagurwa.
6. Amapfundo yerekana iyemezwa ry'urunani mukurema urundi runani bikwirikije urukwirikirane, mugukoresha hachage y'urunani rwemezwe nka hachage ikwirikira

Amapfundo imisi yose araba urukwirikirane rurerure nkuko arirwo rwukuri hama akabandanya akorera kukwaguka kwagwo. iyo amapfundo abiri arungitswe icarimwe, iyindi mice y'urunani irakwirikira, amapfundo amwamwe kwakira imwe canke iyindi ubwambere. Muri ico gihe, akorera kuyambere yakira, ariko akabika ayandi mashami mugihe yocika maremare kurusha. Uburinganire buzohagarara mugihe iyemezwa ry'igikorwa izoba yakiriwe hama ishami rikaba rirerire; amapfundo akora kuyandi mashami azoca rero kumashami maremare.

Irungikwa n'iyakira biheruka gukwiragizwa ntabwo biba bikeneye cane gushikira amapfundo. Mugihe zishikira amapfundo menshi, zizokwinjira murunani vuba canke kare. Isanzagizwa ry'urunani muri rusangi zirihoza ubutumwa bwatakaye. Iyo ipfundo ritaronse urunani, irarusaba mugihe izoba yaronse urunani rukwrikira, hama ikazakumenyako habuze imwe.

Agashiruka bute

Kumasezerano, irungikwa n'iyakira ryambere niryo rikenewe cane ritanguza igiceri, gishasha c'amafaranga igabwa nyene urunani. Ivyo vyongera agashirukabute kumapfundo yogufata umuryango hama igatanga uburyo bwogutanga muntango ibiceri bizunguruka, kubera atantwaro ibijjwe vyose kugira izirungike. iyongerwa ridahinduka y'urugezo rudahinduka rw'ibiceri bishasha irakenewe kubacukuzi b'inzahabu basesagura uburyo kugira bashire inzahabu muruja n'uruza. Muribuno buryobwacu, ni umwanya CPU hamwe n'umuyagankuba biba vyasesagujwe.

Agashiruka bute gashobora gutangwa kandi n'amahera arihwa mw'irungikwa n'iyakirwa. Iyo agaciro kivyasohote, kwirungikwa n'iyakira kari musi y'agaciro k'ivyinjira, ikiyatandukanya kigira icobita amafaranga arihwa yiyongerwa kumafaranga y'agashiruka bute y'urunani arimwo irungikwa n'iyakirwa. iyo rero igiharuro cagenewe ibiceri yinjiye muruhererekane, agashiruka bute gashobora kurengana cane kumafaranga y'irungikwa n'iyakirwa hama akaba akingiwe itakazwa ry'agaciro.

Agashirukabute gashobora gufasha gutanga intege kumapfundo kugira agumane ubwizerwe. Nimba uwushaka kugiria nabi ashoboye gushira hamwe inguvu za gusuzuma amapfundo yose hamwe, ishobora guhitamwo hagati yogukoresha kugira agire magendo irihwa ryiwe, canke agakoresha mugutuma habaho ibiceri bishasha. Ategerezwa gutora ivyinjiza gusumba mugukinisha amategeko, amategeko amwongera ibiceri bishasha kurusha izindi zose zirihamwe, ahokwonona ubuhinga canke iyemezwa ryubutunzi bwiwe.

Ukwakira ibibanza vy'imizingi

Kuva irihwa n'irihishwa ryanyuma y'ibiceri ryahamwe bikwiye murunanini rukwiye, irihwa n'irihishwa vyakoreshejwe imbere yiyi bishobora guhebwa kugira haziganywe ikibanza c'ibibanza vyamadisike. Kugire horoshwe ibi ugushirahamwe kw'inani bitononekaye, irihwa n'irhishwa biba vyashizwe hamwe mugiti ca Merkle, hamwe gusa n'umuzi iri murunani rurihamwe. inani zakera zishobora kujahamwe muguhindura amashami y'igiti. inani zambere ntiziba zikenewe kubikwa.

Mumutwe umwe w'urunani atarihwa n'irihishwa yahabaye vyababa 80 Octets. Nimba dufasheko inani zikorwa muminota 10, 80 octets624*365=4,2Mo kumwaka. Hamwe nubuhinga bw'inyabwonko bugurishwa murirusangi kuri 2Go ya RAM kuva mu 2008, hama amategeko ya Moore akaba ategekanya iyongerwa rya 1,2Go kumwaka, ishingugwa ryategerezwa gutuma hama ingorane naho umutwe w'urunani utegerezwa kubikwa mubushinguzi.

Isuzumwa ry'irihishwa ripfunyapfunye

Birashoboka gusuzuma irihwa n'irihishwa atamapfundo yakozwe umuryango. Uwukoresha abakeneye gusa gushingura igipapuro c'umutwe w'urunani y'urukwirikirane rw'ivyemezwa vy'igikorwa kirekire, ishobora kuronka mukubaza amapfundo y'umuryango gushika aha iba yemejwe kuba ifise urukwirikirane rurerure, hama ikaronka ishami rya Merkle rihuza irihwa n'irihishwa kurunani aho zubakiye. ishobora kuraba k'ipfundo ryumuryango ryemewe, hama inani ryongeweko yemeza ko umuryango wayakiye.

Nkuko, isuzumwa riba ryizewe mugihe amapfundo yizewe asuzuma umuryango, ariko ashobora kuba afise ubunenge iyo umuryango Urengewe n'awuteye. Nkuko amapfundo yumuryango ashobora gusuzuma irihwa n'irihisha yonyene, uburyo bupfunyapfunyijwe bushobora guhendwa n'irihwa n'irihishwa vyamagendo vy'uwutera Ibibishobora gutuma ibandanya isumba umuryango. Uburyo bushoboka kugira wikingira ivyo aba yokwemere igabishwa ry'umuryango iyo yumvise hari urunani atariwo, bituma inyabwonko ikoresha uburyo bwokubika urunani rwikwije hama irihwa n'irihishwa vyagabishijwe kugira hatogwe agahaze. Amashirahamwe aronka irihishwa kenshi azoshaka gushaka gukoresha amapfundo yabo kubw'umutekano wabo wigenga hamwe nugusuzuma vyihuta.

Ihererekana n'igaburwa ry'agaciro

Nkuko ivyobisoboka guhindagura ibiceri vyamahera vyaburimuntu, ntivyaribishoboka gukunda gukora irungika n'iyakira itandukanye kuriburi icijana iyo urungitse. Kugira ushobore igaburwa hamwe n'ihuza ry'ibiciro, irungikwa n'iyakira birimwo iyinjira n'iisohoka vyinshi. Mubisanzwe, hoba hari iyinjira rimwe bivuye kwirungikwa n'iyakira riheruka rikenewe kurusha, canke ibwinjira bwinshi buhuza utugwi twinshi, canke ibirenga isohoka : Imwe mukuriha, hamwe n'iyindi kugira utange amahera, kuwoyahereyeko.

Birakenewe kumenyako isanzagizwa, aho irungika n'iyakirwa bibabivana n'ibindi bintu, ntabwo aringorane hano. ntanarimwe bibabikenewe gukuramwo urwandiko rukwiye kandi rwigenga rwakahisa k'irungika n'iyakirwa.

Amabanga

Uburyo bw'amabanki bwa kera bushobora gushika kumabanga kurugero rwamabanga utuma abarimwo canke amashirahamwe y'icizere aronka amakuru adakwiye. Igituma hatangazwa kumugaragaro burirungikwa n'irihishwa bituma bikuraho ubwoburyo, ariko amabanga arashobora kuguma aziganijwe agahagarika ihanahanwa ry'amakuru nokubindi bice: Mukugumana ukudatanga umwindondoro kurupfunguruzo rwokukarubanda. Abantu barashobora kubonako harumuntu yarungitse amahera kuyundi, ariko bitazaguhuzwa nagato kwirugikwa n'iyakira ukobiri kwose. Ivyo birasa n'amakuru ryasabikanijwe n'amasoko y'agaciro, aho isaha n'ukobingana y'irungikwa n'iyakira ryaburi muntu " Agace" bibavyashizwe kukarubanda, ariko bitigeze vyerekana abari babirimwo.

Ukwikingira vyiyongerako, izindi mpfunguruzo ziri zitegerezwa gukoreshwa buri rungikwa n'iyakira kugira ntibihave bihurira kurinyenevyo umwe. Ihuzwa kanaka riba ridashobora kwirindwa hamwe n'irihwa n'iyakira bifise ubwinjiriro bwinshi, vyerekanako hakenewe ukwinjira kwayo vyaribifise kamere imwe. Igiteye ubwoba n'uko nimba kamere y'urufunguruzo ishizwe ahabona, ihuzwa rishobora kwerekana irindi rungikwa n'iyakira bivakuriyo kamere nyene.

Uguharura

Turasuzuma amahitamwo abiri y'uwusatira ashaka kugira urukwirikirane rwihuta cane, hamwe n'urukwirikirane rwizewe. Naho ivyo vyashitsweko, ivyo ntibituma hugurugwa uburyo bwoguhindura biboneka, mugushiraho agaciro ataco kavuyeko canke gufata amahera ageze aba ayumusatirizi. Amapfunda ntabwo yemera nagato irihwa n'irihishwa atarivyo , kandi amapfundo yizewe ntiyemera nagato urunanini harimwo ivyo. Umusatirizi ntashobora kugerageza guhindura imwe mukurungika n'ukwakira kwaryo kugira igaruze amahera ihejeje gukoresha.

Ihiganwa hagati y'urukwirikirane rwizewe hamwe n'urukwirikirane rw'uwusatirira ishobora kuba nk'isoko ryuguhitamwo hagati yabibiri. iyiza gutsinda itegezwa kuba iy'urukwirikirane rwizewe ry'urunani, kwongerako ivyayibanjirije +1, hama iyitariy'amahirwe itegerezwa kuba urukwirikirane rw'uwasatiririye murunni, gukurako rimwe _1

Amahirwe y'uko uwukora ibitero yoguhamvya ugucererwa kanaka bisa n'uburyo bwakero bwogutuma ingorane zitembagaza umukinyi.Dufate umukinyi afise ingorane idahera agatangura hamwe n'igihombo kandi agakina n'igiharuru ntarengwa kugira agerageze gushikira hagati na hagati. Dushobora guharura amihirwe y'ugushikira umusi wohagati nahagati, canke k'umusatirizi ahamvya umusi umwe urukwirikirane rwizewe, uku gukwirikira[8] :

$$\begin{array}{rcl}p& =& \text{ probability an honest node finds the next block}\\ q& =& \text{ probability the attacker finds the next block}\\ q_z& =& \text{ probability the attacker will ever catch up from }z\text{ blocks behind}\end{array}$$$$q_z=\left\{\begin{array}{cc}1& \mathit{\text{if}}p\le q\\ (q/p{)}^z& \mathit{\text{if}}p>q\end{array}\right\}$$

Bivyanye n'ukwibaza twihaye ko…

$p>q$, Turasuzuma ubu, umwanya ungana gute uwarungikiwe canke irihwa rishasha ategerezwa kurindira kugira yizere k'uwarungitse adashobora guhindura irihwa canke irihishwa. Dufatako uwarungitse ari uwugira igitero ashaka kwizeza uwurungikiwe yamufashije kukiringo kanaka, hama agahindura kugira yisubirire wenyene inyuma yigihe kanaka carenganye. Uwarungikiwe azohabwa ubutumwa iyo ivyobibaye, ariko uwarungitse azokwizera kovyarengerekanye.

Uwakira atanga iyundi mugwi w'imfunguruzo zibiri zibonwa nabose z'uwutanga umwanya muto imbere y'ukurungika. Ivyobibuza uwurungika gutegura kwunguruza urukwirikirane rw'inkuta mugukorera kuriki gushika habaye amahirwe yogushika kure hashoboka, hama igakora iryorungikwa n'irihishwa muruyomwanya. iyo irungikwa n'iyakirwa ribaye, uwurungika atizewe atangura gukora mumpisho kurukwirikirane rubangabanganijwe rurimwo ayandi mahitamwe y'irungikwa n'iyakira

Uwarungikiwe ararindira gushika aho irungikwa canke iyakira riba ryongejwe kurukuta kandi ko urukuta Z rubarwahujwe inyuma y'urwo. Ntabazi igitigiri nyaco c'uwugira ibitero yagize, ariko rugafata ko igikuta cizewe cafashe umwanya wohagati urindiriwe n'ugusabikanya, iterambere rishoboka ry'uwugira ibitero bizoba arugusabikanya kwa Poisson hamwe n'agaciro karindiriwe.

$$\lambda =z\frac{q}{p}$$

Kugira haboneke amahirwe ko abagira ibitero bashobore gufata ubu, turarwiza igwirirana rya Poisson kuri buri terambere yashoboye gukora kumahirwe ashobora gutanga bihereye kuri ico kintu :

$$\sum _{k=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{{\lambda }^k{e}^{-\lambda }}{k!}\cdot \left\{\begin{array}{cc}(q/p{)}^{(z-k)}& \mathit{\text{if}}k\le z\\ 1& \mathit{\text{if}}k>z\end{array}\right\}$$

Gusubira gutunganya kugira harindwe guteranywa imirongo idahera y'ugusabikanya…

$$1-\sum _{k=0}^z\frac{{\lambda }^k{e}^{-\lambda }}{k!}\left(1-(q/p{)}^{(z-k)}\right)$$

Guhindura mubinyegezwa vya C…

#include 
double AttackerSuccessProbability(double q, int z)
{
	double p = 1.0 - q;
	double lambda = z * (q / p);
	double sum = 1.0;
	int i, k;
	for (k = 0; k <= z; k++)
	{
		double poisson = exp(-lambda);
		for (i = 1; i <= k; i++)
			poisson *= lambda / i;
		sum -= poisson * (1 - pow(q / p, z - k));
	}
	return sum;
}

Mugutanga inyishu kanaka, dushobora kubonako amahirwe yagabanutse muburyo bwirasa bwampi hamwe na Z

q=0.1
z=0    P=1.0000000
z=1    P=0.2045873
z=2    P=0.0509779
z=3    P=0.0131722
z=4    P=0.0034552
z=5    P=0.0009137
z=6    P=0.0002428
z=7    P=0.0000647
z=8    P=0.0000173
z=9    P=0.0000046
z=10   P=0.0000012

q=0.3
z=0    P=1.0000000
z=5    P=0.1773523
z=10   P=0.0416605
z=15   P=0.0101008
z=20   P=0.0024804
z=25   P=0.0006132
z=30   P=0.0001522
z=35   P=0.0000379
z=40   P=0.0000095
z=45   P=0.0000024
z=50   P=0.0000006

Gukosora P birimunsi ya 0.1%..

P < 0.001
q=0.10   z=5
q=0.15   z=8
q=0.20   z=11
q=0.25   z=15
q=0.30   z=24
q=0.35   z=41
q=0.40   z=89
q=0.45   z=340

Ugusozera

Twarashikirije ubuhiga bwokurungika n'ukwakira tutararinze gukoresha icizere. Twatanguye n'uburyo bumenyerewe bwogukoresha ibidodo vyangurukanabumenyi, bituma haba isuzumwa rikomeye ry'ubutunzi, ariko bituzuye neza ataburyo bwugushika gusesagura kabiri. Kugira dukosore ivyo, twarashikirije umuryango bwokuringurukana bumenyi ukoresha ubuhinga bushingiye kuri babiri bukoresha kuvyemeza vy'igikorwa bushingura kahise kirungikwa n'irihwa bituma bidashoboka guhindura kubitero iyo amapfundo yizewe ariyo asuzuma ubushobozi bwibiharuro nkavyose. Umuryango urakomeye cane mukworosha kayo kutubatswe. Amapfundo akorera yose mumwanyumwe biyobowe gato. Zikenewe gusuzumwa, kuko ubutumwa ntibukenewe kwarekeza kukibanza kanaka kandi bukenewe gusa gutangwa muburyo bwikwije. Amapfundo ashobora kuhava canke akifadikanya n'umuryango ashatse, akemera uruhererekana rwiyemezwa ry'ibikorwa nk'icemeza ivyabaye mugihe c'ibisibo vyazo. Aracagura bivanye nubushobozi bw'uguharura, bikerekana iyemezwa vy'ivyemejwe mucikotuma bisanzagizwa hama bikirukana zitemejwe kuhakora. Amategeko yose hamwe n'igashirukabute gakenewe gashobora gushirwako ubwobuhinga buhirijweko nabose.

Ivyitegererezo

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