Bitcoin: Uburyo bw'ikoranabuhanga bwo guherekanya amafaranga hifashishijwe abantu babiri

yanditswe na Satoshi Nakamoto 2008/10/31

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Inshamake

Uburyo bwite bw'ikoranabuhanga hifashishijwe abantu ku bandi yemerera kwishyura kumurongo koherezwa biturutse ku ruhande rumwe bijya ku rundi bitanyuze mubigo by'imari. Imikono nyambere(digital signatures) itanga igice cy'igisubizo, ariko inyungu nyamukuru zirabura niba umunyamabanga wizewe agikenewe kugirango akureho ikibazo cyo gukoresha amafaranga kabiri. Turagira inama igisubizo cy'ikibazo cyo gukoresha kabiri amafaranga dukoresheje urusobe rw'ikoranabuhanga bwo guhererekanya. sisitemu itanga igihe kuri buri gikorwa mu guhindura amakuru mu kode idasanzwe bityo bigafatanya n'ibindi bikorwa bikabamo urunigi rudacika rwubatswe kugihamya cy'umurimo wakozwe, gukora inyandiko idashobora guhinduka hatongeye gukora uburyo bwo kwemeza umurimo. Urunigi rurerure ntirukora gusa nk'ikimenyetso cyerekana uko ibintu byakurikiranye, ahubwo ni gihamya ko byaturutse muri pisine nini ya CPU. Igihe cyose imbaraga nyinshi za CPU zigenzurwa nu node zidafatanya gutera umuyoboro, zizabyara urunigi rurerure kandi rwiruka. Umuyoboro ubwawo usaba imiterere mike. Ubutumwa butangazwa ku mbaraga nziza, kandi ibikoresho birashobora kugenda no kongera guhuza umuyoboro uko bishakiye, ikemera urukurikirane rurerure rw'akazi nk'ikimenyetso cy'ibyabaye igihe bagiye.

Intangiriro

Ubucuruzi ku mbuga nkoranyambaga bwaje gushingira gusa kubigo by'imari bikora nkabandi bantu bizewe gutunganya ubwishyu bw'ikoranabuhanga. Mugihe sisitemu ikora neza bihagije mubikorwa byinshi, iracyafite intege nke zisanzwe z'icyitegererezo gishingiye. Ibikorwa bidasubirwaho rwose ntibishoboka rwose, kubera ko ibigo by'imari bidashobora kwirinda gukemura amakimbirane. Igiciro cy'abunzi cyongera ibiciro by'ubucuruzi, bikagabanya ingano ntarengwa y'ubucuruzi ifatika kandi bikagabanya amahirwe yo gucuruza ibintu bisanzwe, kandi hari ikiguzi kinini mugutakaza ubushobozi bwo kwishyura bidasubirwaho serivisi zidasubirwaho. Hamwe nibishoboka byo guhinduka, gukenera ikizere birakwirakwira. Abacuruzi bagomba kwitondera abakiriya babo, bakababaza amakuru menshi kurenza uko babikeneye. Ijanisha runaka ry'uburiganya ryemewe nkaho ritakwirindwa. Ibi biciro hamwe no kutishyura neza bishobora kwirindwa imbonankubone ukoresheje amafaranga, ariko ntaburyo bubaho bwo kwishyura hejuru y'umuyoboro witumanaho udafite ishyaka ryizewe.

Igikenewe ni uburyo bwo kwishyura hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga bushingiye ku bimenyetso bifatika aho kwizerana, bituma impande zombi zishaka gukorana mu buryo butaziguye bitabaye ngombwa ko umuntu wa gatatu yizewe. Ibicuruzwa bidashoboka kubara guhinduka byarinda abagurisha uburiganya, kandi uburyo busanzwe bwo guhunga bushobora gushyirwa mubikorwa byoroshye kurinda abaguzi. Muri iyi nyandiko, turasaba igisubizo cyikibazo cyo gukoresha kabiri dukoresheje ihererekana umuntu ku wumdi ryagabanijwe igihe cyagenwe kugirango tubyare ibimenyetso byerekana kubara ibihe byakurikiranye. Sisitemu ifite umutekano mugihe cyose inyangamugayo zishyize hamwe zigenzura imbaraga za CPU kuruta itsinda iryo ariryo ryose rikorana ry'ibitero.

Kohereza no kwakira

Dusobanura ifaranga koranabuhanga nkurunigi rw'imikono koranabuhanga . Buri nyirubwite yimura ifaranga kurindi mugusinya muburyo bw'ikoranabuhanga ku kimenyetso cyihariye cya burigikorwa cyabanje n'urufunguzo rusange rwa nyiri ukurikira no kubyongera kumpera y'ifaranga. Uwishyuwe ashobora kugenzura imikono kugirango yemeze urukurikirane rwa nyirubwite.

Ikibazo birumvikana ko uwishyuwe adashobora kugenzura ko umwe mubafite atakoresheje kabiri ifaranga. Igisubizo rusange ni ukumenyekanisha ubuyobozi bukuru bwizewe, cyangwa ahakorerwa amafaranga(mint), bugenzura buri gikorwa cyo gukoresha kabiri. Nyuma ya buri gikorwa, ifaranga rigomba gusubizwa muri aho rikorerwa kugirango batange ifaranga rishya, kandi amafaranga yonyine yatanzwe biturutse kuri mint byizewe ko atazakoreshwa kabiri. Ikibazo niki gisubizo nuko amaherezo ya sisitemu y'amafaranga yose biterwa na sosiyete ikora mint, hamwe nibikorwa byose bigomba kubinyuramo, kimwe na banki.

Dukeneye uburyo uwishyuwe amenya ko ba nyirubwite batigeze basinya mubikorwa byabanje. Ku ntego zacu, ibikorwa byambere nibyo bibara, ntabwo rero twita kubigerageza nyuma yo gukoresha kabiri. Inzira yonyine yo kwemeza ko hatabayeho gucuruza ni ukumenya ibikorwa byose. Muri moderi ishingiye kuri mint, mint yari izi ibikorwa byose maze ifata icyemezo cyahageze mbere. Kugira ngo ibyo bigerweho nta muburanyi wizewe, ibikorwa bigomba gutangazwa kumugaragaro [1], kandi dukeneye uburyo abitabiriye amahugurwa bumvikana ku mateka amwe y’itegeko bakiriwe. Uwishyuwe akeneye gihamya ko mugihe cya buri gikorwa, ubwinshi bw'umutwe bwemeje ko aribwo bwa mbere bwakiriwe.

Mudasobwa y'iyandika ry'ibihe

Igisubizo twatanze gitangirana na seriveri ibika igihe. Seriveri ibika igihe ikora ifata ibyanditse byose k'ibintu byinshi byegeranyijwe bigomba gushyirirwaho igihe ,maze igatangaza akogaciro hose, nko mubinyamakuru cyangwa inyandiko yo murandasi ya kera [2-5]. Ingengabihe yerekana ko amakuru agomba kuba yarabayeho icyo gihe, biragaragara, kugirango yinjire muri seriveri ibika igihe. Buri gihe cyagenwe kirimo ingengabihe yabanjirije muri hash, ikora uruhererekane, hamwe na buri gihe cyongeweho gishimangira icyambere.

Ibyemeza igikorwa

Kugirango dushyire mubikorwa seriveri zibika igihe itanga ikimenyetso cy'igihe yakwirakwijwe ishingiye kuburyo bwihererekanwa, tuzakenera gukoresha sisitemu yerekana akazi gasa na Hashcash ya Adam Back [6], aho gukoresha ibinyamakuru cyangwa murandasi ya kera Icyemezo cy'igikorwa bituma ubushakashatsi bwongera agaciro, nka hamwe na SHA-256, iyinjizwamo itangirana numubare wa zeru. Impuzandengo y'akazi isabwa iragaragara mumibare ya zeru isabwa kandi irashobora kugenzurwa no gukora iyinjiza nisorora rimwe.

Ku muyoboro w'igihe cyacu, dushyira mubikorwa gihamya yigikorwa twongera umubare ukoreshwa rimwe murukuta kugeza igihe habonetse agaciro gaha urukuta kw'izihizwa hamwe ry'ibikuta bitanga ubusa. Iyo imbaraga za CPU zimaze gukoreshwa kugirango zuzuze gihamya y'igikorwa, guhagarika ntibishobora guhinduka utagabanije igikorwa. Nkuko ibikuta bizagukwirakwira bishobora gukurikirana inyuma y'icyambere, igikorwa kugira hahindurwe urukuta rusubizamo ibikuta byose inyuma y'icyo.

Icyemezwa ry'igikorwa nacyo gikemura ikibazo cyo kumenya guhagararirwa mu gufata ibyemezo byinshi. Niba benshi bari bashingiye kuri IP aderesi imwe imwe, ishobora guhindurwa n'umuntu wese ushoboye gutanga IP nyinshi. Icyemezwabikorwa ni kimwe CP ijwi rimwe. Icyemezo kinini kigaragazwa n'umurongo muremure, ufite imbaraga zikomeye zerekana akazi zashowe muri yo. Niba ubwinshi bw'imbaraga za CPU bugenzurwa n'inyangamugayo, uruhererekane rw'inyangamugayo ruzakura vuba kandi rusumba abobarushanwa. Kugirango uhindure ibice byashize, uwagabye igitero yagomba kugabanya gihamya y'imirimo yo guhagarika hamwe n'ibice byose nyuma yacyo hanyuma agafata akanarenga imirimo y'imyumvire. Tuzerekana nyuma ko amahirwe yo gutera buhoro gufata agabanuka cyane nkuko ibice byakurikiyeho byongeweho.

Kugirango wishyure kongera umuvuduko w'ibikoresho hamwe n'inyungu zinyuranye zo gukora node mugihe, iyemezabikorwa bigoye bigenwa n'impuzandengo yimuka igamije umubare ugereranije wahagaritswe kumasaha. Niba byakozwe vuba cyane, ingorane ziriyongera.

Umuyoboro

Uburyo bwo gukoresha umuyoboro nuburyo bukurikira:

1. Ibikorwa bishya byerekanwa kuri kumapfundo(node) yose.
2. Buri pfundo rikusanya ibikorwa bishya mubice.
3. Buri pfundo rikora mugushakisha ibimenyetso bigoye byakazi kubikorwa byayo.
4. Iyo ipfundo ribonye gihamya yakazi, risakaza umurongo kumapfondo yose.
5. Amapfundo yemera guhagarika gusa niba ibikorwa byose birimo bifite ishingiro kandi bitarakoreshwa.
6. Amapfundo yerekana ko bemera guhagarika bakora mugukora igikurikira mumurongo, ukoresheje hash ya block yemewe nkuko hash yabanje.

Amapfundo (nodes) azahora afata uruhererekane rurerure nk'ukuri kandi bagumye bakora kugirango barwongere. Niba imitwe ibiri yerekana verisiyo zitandukanye zuruhande rukurikira icyarimwe, imitwe imwe irashobora kwakira imwe cyangwa indi mbere. Muri icyo gihe, bakora ku ya mbere bakiriye, ariko bakiza irindi shami mu gihe riba rirerire. Ikaruvati izacika mugihe ibimenyetso bikurikira byakazi bibonetse kandi ishami rimwe riba rirerire; imitwe yakoraga ku rindi shami noneho izahindukira kuri ndende.

Ibiganiro bishya byubucuruzi ntibikeneye byanze bikunze kugera kuri buri pfundo zose. Mugihe bashikiriza amapfundo menshi, bazinjira muri blok mbere yigihe kirekire. Guhagarika ibiganiro nabyo byihanganira ubutumwa bwamanutse. Niba node itakiriye blok, izabisaba mugihe yakiriye blok ikurikira ikamenya ko yabuze imwe.

Gushimangira

Mubisanzwe, igicuruzwa cya mbere muri block ni igikorwa kidasanzwe gitangira ifaranga rishya rifitwe nuwashizeho blcok. Ibi byongeramo imbaraga zo gushyigikira umuyoboro, kandi bitanga uburyo bwo kubanza gukwirakwiza ifaranga mukuzenguruka, kubera ko nta bubasha bukuru bwo kubitanga. Kwiyongera guhoraho kw'amafaranga y'ibiceri bishya birasa n'abacukuzi ba zahabu bakoresha umutungo kugirango bongere zahabu mukuzenguruka. Kuri twe, igihe cya CPU n'amashanyarazi ni byo bikoreshwa.

Agahimbazamusyi gashobora no guterwa inkunga n'amafaranga y'ibikorwa. Niba ibisohoka agaciro k'ibikorwa biri munsi y'agaciro kinjiza, itandukaniro ni amafaranga y'ubucuruzi yongewe kubiciro byo gushimangira guhagarika birimo ibikorwa. Iyo umubare wateganijwe mbere y'amafaranga winjiye mukuzenguruka,agahimbazamusyi gashobora kuba ikiguzi cy'ibikorwa rwose,bityo ntihabeho ifaranga ryiyongera.

Agahimbazamusyi (inkunga) gashobora gufasha gushishikariza imitwe gukomeza kuba inyangamugayo. Niba igitero cy'umururumba gishoboye guteranya imbaraga za CPU kurenza imitwe yose y'inyangamugayo, yagomba guhitamo hagati yo kuyikoresha kugirango abeshye abantu amwiba amafaranga, cyangwa kuyakoresha kugirango atange amafaranga mashya. Agomba gusanga ari byiza cyane gukurikiza amategeko, amategeko nkaya amutonesha amafaranga mashya kurusha abandi bose bahurije hamwe, kuruta guhungabanya sisitemu n’agaciro k’ubutunzi bwe bwite.

Kugarura Umwanya wa Disiki

Iyo ibikorwa bya vuba by'amafaranga bimaze kwemezwa n'umubare uhagije wa blocks, ibikorwa byakoreshejwe mbere bishobora kujugunywa kugirango habikwe umwanya wa disiki. Kugirango byoroherezwe utabanje kumena hash, ibicuruzwa byogejwe mubiti bya Merkle [7] [2] [5], gusa umuzi washyizwe muri hash. Ibice bishaje birashobora guhuzwa no kunangira amashami yigiti. Imberentabwo ikeneye kubikwa.

Block header idafite ibikorwa byaba hafi 80 bytes. Niba twibwira ko block zikorwa buri minota ikumi, 80 bytes * 6 * 24 * 365 = 4.2MB ku mwaka. Hamwe na sisitemu ya mudasobwa isanzwe igurishwa hamwe na 2GB ya RAM guhera mu 2008, kandi Itegeko rya Moore rivuga ko izamuka rya 1.2GB ku mwaka, ububiko ntibwagombye kuba ikibazo nubwo block headers zabikwa muri memori.

Kugenzura Kwishura Byoroheje

Birashoboka kugenzura ubwishyu udakoresheje umuyoboro wuzuye. Umukoresha akeneye gusa kubika kopi ya block headers y'umurongo muremure wakazi, ashobora kubona abaza imiyoboro y'urusobe kugeza igihe yizeye ko afite uruhererekane rurerure, akabona ishami rya Merkle rihuza ibikorwa na block ni igihe cyagenwe. Ntashobora kugenzura ibyakozwe kuri we, ariko mu kubihuza n’ahantu mu mumurongo ashobora kubona ko umuyoboro w’urusobe wabyemeye, kandi uhagarika wongeyeho nyuma yo kwemeza ko umuyoboro wabyemeye.

Nkibyo, kugenzura byizewe mugihe cyose inyangamugayo zigenzura umuyoboro, ariko birashoboka kuba byoroha kuyinjiramo kurushaho iyo imiyoboro y'urusobe yatsinzwe n'igitero. Mugihe imiyoboro y'urusobe ishobora kugenzura ibyakozwe ubwabo, uburyo bworoshye bushobora gushukwa nigikorwa cyahimbwe n,igitero mugihe cyose uwagabye igitero ashobora gukomeza gutsinda umuyoboro. Ingamba imwe yo kwirinda ibi ni ukwemera imenyesha riva kumurongo mugihe babonye block itemewe, bigatuma software yumukoresha ikuramo blok yuzuye kandi ikaburira ibikorwa kugirango hemezwe ko bidahuye. Abashoramari bakira ubwishyu kenshi birashoboka ko bazashaka gukora imitwe yabo kubwumutekano wigenga no kugenzura byihuse.

Guhuza no Gutandukanya iby' Agaciro

Nubwo byashoboka gukoresha amafaranga kugiti cye, ntibyaba byoroshye gukora ibikorwa bitandukanye kuri buri cent (faranga) mu guhererekanya. Kwemerera agaciro kugabanywa no guhuzwa, ibikorwa birimo inyongeramusaruro nyinshi n'ibisohoka. Mubisanzwe hazabaho ibitekerezo bimwe bivuye mubikorwa binini byabanjirije cyangwa inyongeramusaruro nyinshi zihuza amafaranga make, kandi byibuze ibisubizo bibiri: kimwe cyo kwishyura, ikindi gisubiza impinduka, niba gihari, gisubira kubohereje.

Bizagaragara ko gusakara, aho gucuruza biterwa n'ubucuruzi bwinshi, kandi ibyo bikorwa biterwa n'ibindi byinshi, ntabwo arikibazo hano. Nta na rimwe bikenewe gukuramo kopi yuzuye yihariye y'amateka y'ubucuruzi.

Ibanga

Icyitegererezo cy'amabanki gakondo kigera kurwego rw'ibanga mwigabanya uburyo bwo kubona amakuru kubabigizemo uruhare nundi muntu wizewe(inyangamugayo). Gukenera gutangaza ibikorwa byose bibuza kumugaragaro ubu buryo, ariko ubuzima bwite burashobora gukomeza kubungabungwa muguhagarika amakuru ahandi hantu: mugukomeza urufunguzo rusange. Abaturage barashobora kubona ko umuntu yohereza amafaranga kubandi, ariko nta makuru ahuza ibikorwa numuntu uwo ari we wese. Ibi bisa nurwego rwamakuru yatangajwe n’ivunjisha, aho igihe nubunini bwubucuruzi bwa buri muntu, "kaseti", bishyirwa ahagaragara, ariko utabwiye ababuranyi abo ari bo.

Ukwinkingira byinyongera, urufunguzo rushya rugomba gukoreshwa kuri buri gikorwa kugirango birinde guhuzwa na nyirubwite. Guhuza bimwe biracyakwirindwa hamwe nibikorwa byinshi byinjiza, byanze bikunze byerekana ko inyongeramusaruro zabo zari zifite nyirazo umwe. Ingaruka nuko niba nyir'urufunguzo agaragaye, guhuza bishobora kwerekana ibindi bikorwa bya nyirabyo.

Ibaruramari

Turasuzuma ibintu byuwateye agerageza kubyara uruhererekane rwihuse kuruta uruhererekane rw'inyangamugayo. Nubwo ibi byagerwaho, ntabwo itera sisitemu gufungura impinduka uko bishakiye, nko kurema agaciro mu kirere cyoroshye cyangwa gufata amafaranga atigeze aba ayuwagabye igitero. Node ntabwo igiye kwemera ibikorwa bitemewe nk'ubwishyu, kandi inyangamugayo ntizigera zemera block irimo. Igitero gishobora kugerageza gusa guhindura kimwe mubikorwa bye kugirango agarure amafaranga aherutse gukoresha.

Irushanwa riri hagati y'uruhererekane w'inyangamugayo n'uruhererekane rw'ibitero rishobora nk'isoko yuguhitamo hagati yababiri. Intsinzi yibyabaye ni uruhererekane rw'inyangamugayo rwongerwa kumurongo umwe, rwongera kuyobora kuri +1, kandi ibyabaye byatsinzwe ni uruhererekane rw'ibitero rwongerwa kumurongo umwe, bikagabanya icyuho -1.

"Birashoboka ko uwagabye igitero yakura mu gihombo runaka birasa n'ikibazo cyo Kurimbuka kwa Gambler. Dufate ko urusimbi rufite inguzanyo zitagira imipaka rutangirira ku gihombo kandi rugakina ibigeragezo bitagira ingano kugirango ugerageze kugera ku cyuho. Dushobora kubara amahirwe ashobora kugera ku gihe cyo kwinjiza angana n'ibyatanzwe , cyangwa ko uwagabye igitero yigeze gufata uruhererekane rw,inyangamugayo, nkibi bikurikira[8]:

$$\begin{array}{rcl}p& =& \text{ probability an honest node finds the next block}\\ q& =& \text{ probability the attacker finds the next block}\\ q_z& =& \text{ probability the attacker will ever catch up from }z\text{ blocks behind}\end{array}$$$$q_z=\left\{\begin{array}{cc}1& \mathit{\text{if}}p\le q\\ (q/p{)}^z& \mathit{\text{if}}p>q\end{array}\right\}$$

Urebye ibyo twibwira

$p>q$ , ibishoboka bigabanuka cyane nkumubare wibitero uwagabye igitero agomba gufata hamwe no kwiyongera. Hamwe no kutamurwanya, niba adakoze amahirwe yo gutera imbere hakiri kare, amahirwe ye aba make cyane kuko asubiye inyuma.

Ubu turasuzuma igihe uwahawe ibikorwa bishya agomba gutegereza mbere yo kumenya neza ko uwayohereje adashobora guhindura ibikorwa. Turakeka ko uwayohereje ari igitero gishaka gutuma uyahawe yemera ko yamwishyuye igihe gito, hanyuma akayihindura kugirango yishyure nyuma y'igihe runaka. Uwakiriye azamenyeshwa igihe ibyo bizabera, ariko uwayohereje yizeye ko bizatinda.

Uwakiriye atanga urufunguzo rushya kandi atanga urufunguzo rusange kubohereje mbere gato yo gusinya. Ibi birinda uwayohereje gutegura urunigi rw'ibice mbere yigihe abikoraho ubudahwema kugeza igihe azaba afite amahirwe yo kugera kure bihagije, hanyuma agakora ibikorwa muricyo gihe. Igicuruzwa kimaze koherezwa, uwayohereje utari inyangamugayo atangira gukora rwihishwa kumurongo ugereranije urimo ubundi buryo bwibikorwa bye.

Uyahawe arategereza kugeza igihe ibikorwa byongewe kuri block na z block zahujwe nyuma yazo. Ntabwo azi umubare nyawo w’igitero yateye, ariko ukeka ko blocks z’inyangamugayo zafashe igihe cyari giteganijwe kuri buri gice, igitero gishobora gutera ni ugukwirakwiza poisson bifite agaciro kateganijwe:

$$\lambda =z\frac{q}{p}$$

Kugirango tubone amahirwe uwagabye igitero ashobora gukomeza gufata nonaha, tugwiza ubucucike bwa Poisson kuri buri terambere yashoboraga gutera bitewe nuko ashobora gufata kuva icyo gihe:

$$\sum _{k=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{{\lambda }^k{e}^{-\lambda }}{k!}\cdot \left\{\begin{array}{cc}(q/p{)}^{(z-k)}& \mathit{\text{if}}k\le z\\ 1& \mathit{\text{if}}k>z\end{array}\right\}$$

Guhindura uburyo bwo kwirinda kubara igice cy'imibare kidafite iherezo...

$$1-\sum _{k=0}^z\frac{{\lambda }^k{e}^{-\lambda }}{k!}\left(1-(q/p{)}^{(z-k)}\right)$$

Guhindura kuri C code...

#include 
double AttackerSuccessProbability(double q, int z)
{
	double p = 1.0 - q;
	double lambda = z * (q / p);
	double sum = 1.0;
	int i, k;
	for (k = 0; k <= z; k++)
	{
		double poisson = exp(-lambda);
		for (i = 1; i <= k; i++)
			poisson *= lambda / i;
		sum -= poisson * (1 - pow(q / p, z - k));
	}
	return sum;
}

Gukoresha ibisubizo bimwe, turashobora kubona ibishoboka bigabanuka cyane hamwe na z.

q=0.1
z=0    P=1.0000000
z=1    P=0.2045873
z=2    P=0.0509779
z=3    P=0.0131722
z=4    P=0.0034552
z=5    P=0.0009137
z=6    P=0.0002428
z=7    P=0.0000647
z=8    P=0.0000173
z=9    P=0.0000046
z=10   P=0.0000012

q=0.3
z=0    P=1.0000000
z=5    P=0.1773523
z=10   P=0.0416605
z=15   P=0.0101008
z=20   P=0.0024804
z=25   P=0.0006132
z=30   P=0.0001522
z=35   P=0.0000379
z=40   P=0.0000095
z=45   P=0.0000024
z=50   P=0.0000006

Gusubiza kuri P munsi ya 0.1%...

P < 0.001
q=0.10   z=5
q=0.15   z=8
q=0.20   z=11
q=0.25   z=15
q=0.30   z=24
q=0.35   z=41
q=0.40   z=89
q=0.45   z=340

Umwanzuro

Twasabye sisitemu yo gucuruza hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga tutishingikirije ku cyizere. Twatangiriye kumurongo usanzwe w'amafaranga bikozwe mu mikono ya digitale, itanga igenzura rikomeye rya nyirubwite, ariko ntabwo yuzuye nta buryo bwo gukumira amafaranga abiri. Kugira ngo iki kibazo gikemuke, twasabye umuyoboro w'urungano dukoresheje gihamya y'akazi kugira ngo twandike amateka rusange y'ibikorwa bihita bibarwa bidashoboka ko uwagabye igitero ahinduka niba imitwe y'inyangamugayo igenzura imbaraga nyinshi za CPU. Umuyoboro urakomeye muburyo bworoshye butubatswe. Node ikora icyarimwe hamwe no guhuza bike. Ntibakeneye kumenyekana, kubera ko ubutumwa buterekejwe ahantu runaka kandi bugomba gutangwa gusa ku mbaraga nziza. Umutwe urashobora kugenda no kongera guhuza umuyoboro uko bishakiye, ukemera ibimenyetso by'akazi nkikimenyetso cy'ibyabaye mugihe bagiye. Batora bafite imbaraga za CPU, bagaragaza ko bemera ibibujijwe byemewe bakora kugirango babagure kandi bange ibibujijwe bitemewe banga kubikoraho. Amategeko yose akenewe hamwe nogushigikira birashobora gukurikizwa hamwe nubu buryo bwumvikanyweho.

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