Bitcoin: Efuto loimaliwa lopamalungula komunhu nomunhu

ku Satoshi Nakamoto 2008/10/31

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Engongemo/Pauxupi

Efutilo loiwamaliwa olo latungilwa melandulafano leecomputer tadi kwafafana mokutuma omatumwalaka opa malungula ota i kwafafele opo shininge shipu opo omafutilo opa malungula a tumwe ayukilila okundja komunhu nomunhu tavalongifa eembaanga ile omahangano oo ha ungaunga noimalima. Omashaino opamalungula nao okuna mo oshitopolwa mokukandulapo omukuntu ou, ashike omauwananawa ahapu otaa kanapo ngeenge omulineekelwa omutitatu okwa pumbiwa mokukeelela omafutilo taeliendulula. Osho nee ano ohatu unganeke ekandulepo lomukungu womafutilo taeliendulula mokulongifa ekwatafano leecomputer tadi kwafafana. Ostambe yefimbo olo ekwatafano lomafutilo aningwa otali kwashilipaleke okuamena oimaliwa nokulongifa omukalo tawufaanifwa nelyenge loinima aishe inasha nefutilo olo nee olo, anho eshi otashuufanwa elyenge loumbangi woilonga tali kalekelepo ondjokonona yaasho shaningwapo mefutilo olo, noitali dulu okulundulwa ngeenge elyenge loumbangi woilonga inali ningululwa. oule welyenge loiningomwa itali longifwa ashike mokuulika oumbangi waashishe oshi shalongwapo ashike ota wuulike yoo oumbangi kutya efutilo eli ola dja mengungo lomudimwe domee CPU odinaenghono. shama ashike dihapu domeecomputa edi odinaenghono tadi longele kumwe neehuke odo itadi kendabala okulongela omakwatafano oo ouwinai, onghee nee kumwe otadi etapo endjenge lile olo tali nghonopaleke mokundula odjudo yaavo tava kendabala okulonga owinai. Omakwatafano oovene okwapumbwa oudutilo ushona, omatumwalaka otaa tumwa momhepo neenghendabala diwa, neehuke otadidulu okufiyapo omakwatafano, noku alukilamo ngaashi di wete shauka, ndee tadi tambula oumbangi-woilonga ou ule udule dikwao, mokuulika ashishe shalongwapo efimbo olo ohuke yali yawamo momhepo ile yafiyapo omakwatafano.

Etwalemo

Omalandifilo okomalungula ile tutye kointerneta monena okwe li kolelela unene naluhapu momahangano eembaanga odo dililepo ongaashi omulineekelwa omutitatu moku kwashilipaleka elineekeno momafutilo aeshe opa malungula. Nonande omulandu oo ohau longo nawa momivalu domalandifo ehapu, peemhito dimwe oha pa kala natango omashongo taa etwapo omolwa ounghundi womilandu odo delikolelea melineekelo. Iha shi shiiva pu kale pehena nande omafutilo oo ihaa dulu okushunifwa monima, oshoo nee eembaanga nomahangano makwao oimaliwa itaa dulu okukeelela okwiidopamo nokuhangukununa meenhamanhana odo tuu edi. Ondilo yokuhangukuna nayo yoo ohai twala pombada ondilo yomafutilo, naashi ohashi ngabeke oushona womalandifilo opedu noku kanifapo omhito yomafutilo mashona aapa naapenya. opena yoo ondilo inene tai etwapo ngeenge otwa kanifa omhito yokushunifa monima omafutilo, shinasha noilongomwa oyo nayo ihayi dulu oku shinifwa monimha. Ngeenge pena omhito yoku shunifa monima omafutilo, omumbwe yeelineekelo nayo otai hapupala. Ovalandifi ova pumbwa oku livangeka ngeenge tashi ya kovalandi vavo, tave shi ningi mokuva pulaapula omauyelele aeshe naao inaava pumbwa pomhito oyo. Oshipambu shimwe shomakengelelo osha tambulwako onga itashi dulu oku keelelwa, oku ha shiiva konawa ngeenge tashiya keendilo nomafutilo ohaa dulu okukeelwa noupu ngeenge tashiya koimaliwa ikukutu, ashike kapena natango omukalo wokuninga omafutilo elikolela momakwatafno opamalungula pehena omulineekelwa omutitatu.

Eshi sha pumbiwa omafutilo aunganekwa no programa ile osystem yopamalungula nokweli kolelela moumbangi wefano lopamalungula ndee ha meelineekelo, opo keshe eembinga mbali da hala oku futafana di dule oku shininga ina va pumbwa omulineekelwa omutitatu. Omafutilo oo itaa dulu nande nande oku shunifwa monima pamalungula otaa amene ovalandifi komakengelelo, nomuvalu wawendwapo otau dulu okulongifwa moku amena ovalandi. Momushangwa ou ile mompapila ei oha tu etapo edilaadilo loku kandulapo omafutilo-taeliendulula hatu longifa eecomputer tadi kwafafana moku andjakaneka ostambe yefimbo, oyo tai etapo oumbangi wopamalungula welandulafano lomafutilo oo a ningwapo. Eunganeko ile osystema yomafutilo aa okwa amenwa, shama ashike eehuke adishe dopaushili tadi longele kumwe moku unganeka eCPU odinaenghono tadi longele kumwe shidulife dimwe doomhehuke dilipo okulonga omauyinayi.

Omafutilo

Oha tu fatulula okoina yopamalungula ongaashi eshaino lopamalungula, keshe menwe wokoina otei tumu komunhu mukwao tashaina pamalungula okapambu kefutilo eli laningwa nale nokashapi kayeuluka oko taka longifwa kwaao tatuminwa okoina, oumushangwa ovo otava wedwa nee kexulilo lomushwangwa wokoina. Nakufutwa ota dula oku koleka eshaino opo a kolele elyenge loumwene wokoina.

Oupyakadi ouli nee apa kutya nakufutwa ita dulu oku koleka kutya mwaavo vali oovene vokoina manga inai fika kuye , inaveyi futa yeleendulula, onghendabala yokukandulapo omukundu ou oku etapo omukalelipo omupokati elineekelwa tai fanwa oMint, oo nee ta kala noku pekaapeka momafutilo aeshe opo a kwashilipaleke kutya kapena omafutilo eli endulula aningwapo. Konima yefutilo keshe la ningwapo, okoina oya pumbwa oku shuna komukalelipo wopokati oMint opo a yandje okoina ipe, eekoina odo da yandjwa okudilila komukalelipo omupokati woMint odo ashike tadi lineekelwa kutya inadi futwa deli endulula, oupyakadi nee wekandulepo lomukundu ou oleli kutya onghalo aishe yeunganeko losystema yoimaliwa eyi, otai kala yeli kolelela mehangano eli tali ungaunga nomukalelipo omupokati oo taufanwa oMint, nomafutilo aeshe okwa teelelwa apitile muvo , ongaashi ashike ombaanga.

Otwa pumbwa onghendabala imwepo opo tukale tushishi kutya ovo kwali oovene vokoina mefimbo lapita inava shaina omafutilo akwao a pita. Melalakano letu omafuto oo aningwa tete oo ashike taa valulwa, onghee itatu lipyakidile nomafutilo eleendulula oo taa ka hetekelwa mefimbo tuuka. Omukalo auke woku kwashilipaleka kutya kapena efutilo, oku shiiva omafutilo aeshe. momukalo womulineekelwa omupokati woMint, omulineekelwa omupokati woMint alushe okushii omafutilo aeshe aningwapo noha ningi omatokolo kutya efutilo lilipipo la fikamo tete. Eshi ota shi pondolwa pehena omulineekwelwa omutitatu ngeenge omafutilo aeshe otaa shiivifwa momhepo yayeuluka[1], notwa pumbwa eunganeko losystema yovakufimbinga opo va twe kumwe monakudiwa imwe yelandulafano lomafutilo ngaashi eyamo. Nakufutwa okwa pumbwa oumbangi kutya keshe pefimbo lefutilo, dihapu domeehuke oda twa kumwe kutya olo la tambulwako tete.

Oshitambe yefimbo

Ekandulepo lokundu eli twa hala oku etapo otali tameke no shitambe yefimbo. Ostambe eyi yefimbo otayi longo mokulongifa okamangwa koumhungu voiningomwa oyo ya pumbwa oku shitambwa nefimbo yeyamo noku andjakaneka okamamgwa oko ngaashi moshifo kundaneki ile mokatumwalaka kopamalungula[2-5]. Oshitambe yefimbo otai kwashilipaleke kutya oishivomwa eyi oyina kukala yamonika pefimbo olo tuu olo, onghee ya dula oku valulwa mokamangwa noku etapo elyenge , tai longifa keshe oshitambe yefimbo lalandulako moku nghonopaleka eyi yeya tete.

Oumbangi woilonga

Opo tu tule miilonga oshitambe yefimbo oyo ya andjakanekwa keecomputer tadi kwafafana, otwa pumbwa oku longifa eunganeko loumbangi woilinga yafaafana nokamaliwa-mangwa ka totwa ku Adam Back[6], shidulife oshifo kundaneki ile okaumwalaka kopamalungula. Oumbangi woilonga otau kwatelemo oku pekaapeka omwaalu oo wa didilikwa nokamangwa ngaashi oyo yashivika nawa SHA-256, edidiliko lokamangwa ohali tameke neenhola, meenhomola odo hadiufunwa 'bits', oilonga youpokati yapumbiwa meenhomola deenhola dapumbiwa, notai kwashilipalekwa moku tula moilonga okamangwa kamwepo.

Moshitimbe yefimbo lomakwatafano etu, ohatu tula miilonga oumbangi woilonga hatulonga okuweda konhomola oyo hai longifwa ashike lumwe mokamhungu keshe fiyo omwaalu oo tauyandye eenhola bits kokamangwa kokamhungu. Shama nee eenghendabala docomputer onaenghono dapu mokunifa oumbangi woilonga, okamhungo oko itaka dulu vali oku lundululwa ngeenge oilonga oyo nee oyo inai longululwa, shaashi mefimbo tali la ndula oumhungu ava otava ka tula kumwe melyenge, noilonga keshe tai lundulula oka mangwa otai kwatelemo okulongulula oumhungu aveshe tava landulako.

Oumbangi woilonga nao otau kandulapo oupyakadi woku kwashipaleka oukalelipo mokuninga omatokolo avahapu. Ngeenge ouhapu oweli kolelela mehoololo lakeshe ondjukifi yopainterneta(IP Address), nena otai dulu oku endwa pomunghulo kukeshe umwe oo tadulu okuyandja eendjukifi dopainterneta dihapu. oumbangi woilonga pamumbwe oweli kolela mehoololo lakeshe CPU yocompiuta onaenghono imwe. Opo nee omatokolo avahapu otaa kalelwapo kelyenge lilelile, olo lina oumbangi woilonga wuna eenghendabala diwa da tulwamo.

Opo tu futilepo okuya pombada kwonhapo yomashina osho yo eeyooloko leitulemo leehuke odo tadi longo efimbo nefimbo, oudjuu woumbangi woilonga otau kwashilipalekwa moku endifa oupokati-mwaalu, mokuwuukifa koupokati-mwaalu woumhungu keshe movili. Ngeenge ova totwapo meendelelo, nena noudjuu otauyi pombada.

Ekwatafano

Omilandu doku tula moilonga omakwatafano ongaashi tadi landula:

1. Omafutilo ape otaa tumwa mewangadjo keewike adishe.
2. Keshe owike otai toola omafutilo ape mokamhungu.
3. keshe owike otai longo noku konga oumbangi woilonga ou undjuu, owo yilongife mokamhungu kayo.
4. Ngeenge owike ya hange oumbangi woilonga , otai andjakanekene okamhungu keewike adishe.
5. Eewike otadi tambula ashike oumhungu ngeenge omafutilo aeshe elimo oku li modjila noi naa futwa nale.
6. Eewike otadi ulike etambuleko loumhungu tadi shi ningi noku etapo okamhungu oko taka shikulako melyenge eli, tadi shiningi nee nokulongifa okamangwa kokamhungu oko katambulwa, ongaashi oka mangwa kefimbo la pita.

Eewike alushe ohadi tula momadilaadilo elyenge olo lile olo likale lili mondjila nohadi twikwile oku li lelepeka, ngeenge eeheke mbali oda adjakaneka mewangandjo eendodo doumhungu ovo tava shikulako da yooloka pefimbo limwe, eehuke dimwe otadi kanwe ile kakwao tete, pomhito oyo otava longo nee naako va tambula tete, ashike otava tuvikile yoo kakwawo , ngeenge pamwe otak ka ninga kale. Okwiihaka kwaava ota ku tewapo nee ngeenge oumbangi woilonga oo tau shikulako owa hangika, no shitayi shimwe tashi ningi shile; eehuke odo dali tadi longele koshitayi shikwao opo nee otadi lundulukile koshitayi eshi shile.

Omafutilo ape oo taa andjakanekwa inaa teelelwa lela akale afika keehuke adishe , shama ashike tadi dulu kuhanga eehuke dihapu otadi dulu ou hanga oumhungu va hapu. eandjakaneko loumhungu nalo oli na eeshivilo lomautumwalaka oo haa dulu kuwamho momhepo. ngeenge ohuke inai tambula okamhungu , otai kapula ashike neenge ya tambula okamhungu kashikulako noya mona kutya opena kamwe kakanapo.

Omauwanawa awedwapo

Efutilo lotete mokamhungu olo efutilo lashelelelwa olo tali tameke okoina ipe, namwene wayo ota kala omutotipo wokamhungu. Eshi ohashi weda ouwanawa keehuke odo tadi kwafele mekwatafano, noku yandja omukalo yoku andjakaneka eekoina mongonga yeandjakaneko, omolwaashi kapena omupangeli wokudiyandjafana.

Ouwanawa wawedwapo otau dulu yoo oku yambididwa noishoshela yomafutilo. ngeenge omwaalu oo taudi mefutilo oushona komuvalu oo watulwamo, eeyooloko otali kala oishoshela yomafutilo oyo yawedwa komuvalu wouwanawa wokamhungu oko kena efutilo olo tuu olo. Shama nee omwaalu wangabekwa wa fiki peekoina odo dili mongonga-andjakaneko, nouwanawa wawedwapo otau dulu nee oku lunduluka , okudja koishoshela yefutilo nokukala ihena nande nande ewedelo.

Mostambe yefimbo lomakwatafano etu,ohatu tulapo oumbangi woilonga moku wedapo kashona naka shona outungipo woumhungu koumhungu ovo fiyo omuvalu tau hangika oo tau yandje ohash yoo nola ovo vapumbiwa. Shama nee eenghandabala docomputa onaenghono da longifwa oku wanifapo osho sha pumbiwa moumbangi woilonga, okamhungu oko ita ka dulu vali oku lundulwa ngeenge oilonga inai longululwa, shaashi konima yefimbo oumhungu ota va ka kwatelwa kumwe tava landulafana, noilonga yokulundula okamhungu otai kwatelemo okulongulula oumhungu aveshe tava shikulako.

Okwaalulula onhele yomatuvikilo opamhalungula

Shama efutilo laxuunina mokoina lafudikwa koshi youmhungu vawana, omafutilo aeshe oo a ningwa tete kulo ota dulu oku ekelashwi opo onhele yomatuvikilo opamhalungula yi kalekwepo. Opo nee eshi shi dule oku unganekwa mumukalo oo itau hananunapo okamhamgwa koumhungu, omafutilo okuna oku manglwa kumwe nomuti wa Merkle (Merkle Tree)[7][2][5], nokulongifa ashike omidi dokamhangwa kokamhungu. oumhungu aveshe vakulu otava dulu oku tulwa kumwe tashi ningwa noku tetako oitayi yomuti. oumhangwa vomeni itava pumbwa nee vali oku tuvikilwa.

Omutwe ile oshipanyolo shokamhungu shihena efutilo otashi kala shifike pee byte dili 80 lwaapo. natutye nee uumhungu ohava totwapo keshe mominute 10 , 80 bytes624*365 = 4.2MB keshe kodula. Neunganeko leecompiuta tadi landifa o 2GB yo RAM okudja mo 2008, nomhango ya Moore (Moore's Law) oyo tai xunganeke eyo pombada mopaife lo 1.2GB keshe kodula, onhele yokutuvikila ita kala oshiimbi nonhande oumhungu-palanyolo ova tuvikilwa meunganeko olo tuu olo.

Omakwashilipaleko omafutilo a pupalekwa

Oku kwashilipaleka omafutilo pehena oku longifa eehuke domakwatafano aeshe nasho otashi dulika. Omulongifi ota pumbwa ashike akalekepo okopi imwe yokamhungu-palanyolo koumbangi woilonga wefimbo eli lilelile melyenge, teyi mono oku pitila mokupulaapula eehuke domakwatafano fiyo ta kala a kwashilipalekwa kutya oye ena elyenge eli lilelile , opo a mone oshitaye sha Merkle osho tashi kwatakanifa omafutilo koumhungu ovo vena ostambe yefimbo lavo. Efutilo eli ota dulu oku li tala yee mwene ashike mokulikwatakanifa nonhele ili melyenge ot dulu oku mona kutya ohuke yomomakwatafano oye ka tambula, noumhungu ovo vawedwako konima yekwashilipaleko eli ota koleke kutya ekwatafano ole ka tambula.

Opo nee, ekwashilipaleko eli ota li dulu okulineekelwa shama ashike omakwatafano oo taa wilikwa keehuke doshili, ashike ngeenge omakwatafano okwa dulwa eenghono komuponhokeli wonhumba, nena otashishiva li hadule oku li amena. Omanga eehuke omakwatafano tadi dulu oku kwashilipaleka omafutilo kudoo'vene, omukalo wapupalekwa otau dulu oku kengelelwa komafutilo ehena oushili oo atotwapo komuponekeli, moule wefimbo alishe olo omuponokeli tatwikile nokudula omakwatafano eenghono. Omukalo wumwe woku li amena kwaashi otau dulu ku kala oku okutambula outumwalaka vaxupi okudja keehuke domakwatafano ngeenge da didilike oka mhungu oko kaakena omadidiliko oushili, noku londwela osoftware yomulongifi yi konge nokuongela okamhungu akeshe keyadi nomafutilo oo alopotelwa, opo va kwashilipaleke kutya okamhungu ita ku tu kumwe shili. Engeshefa odo hadi tambula omafutilo mahapu otashi dulika di kale da hala oku longifa ouhuke vavo vene opo va kale vena eameno leli kolelela muvo vene nekwashilipaleko la endelela.

Oku tula kumwe noku topola omivalu

Nonande otshi dulika opo keshe umwe a ungaunge nokoina yaye mwene, otashi kala shidjuu oku ninga omafutilo ayooloka mosenda keshe tai tumwa. Opo nee omwaalu wutopolwe nokutulwa kumwe, omafutilo oo ena oitukulwa ihapu tai tulwamo ile tai kufwamo. Luhapu ohapu kala, ongeenge oshitulwamo shimwa tashi di kefutilo lakula lapita nale , ile oitulwamo ihapu yatula kumwe oimbambu yeemwaalu dishona osho yo oikufwamo yihedule puivali: shimwe osho mafutilo nashikwao osho ku tuma oshendja, ngeenge opena , tai shunwa ku nakutuma.

Nashi kale sha didilikwa kutya ouhapu oitulwamo oyo tai dulu oku twikinikwa koikumwamo imwepo, ngeenge pena efutilo olo leli kolelela momatilo makwao ahapu awedwapo, noshilipo kutya omafutilo oo okweli kolelela yoo momukwao vali ahapu, kashina oupyakadi nande apa. Ihapa kala nande nande omumbwe yoku nana okopi ayishe yeli fikamenapo yonakudiwa yefutilo

Ouholameno

Omukalo wokuumbaanga wopamufyuululwakalo ohau pondola oku hanga ondodo youholameno ngeenge tai ngabeke omauyelele amonike ashike kwaavo tava kufa ombinga osho yoo omulineekelwa omutitatu. Omukalo ou owa ngabekwa omolwa omumbwe yoku ingida omafutilo aeshe tae yamo mewangandjo laaveshe, ashike natango ouholameno otau dulu oku kalekwapo moku teyapo eendafano louyelele monhele yikwao: Noku kaleka okashapi-koode kamanguluka keheshivike. Keshe umwe eli mewangandjo ota dulu kumona ngeenge omunhu umwepo tatumu omwaalu wonhumba kumunhu mukwao, shama ashike pehena omauyelele oo taa kwatakanifa efutilo komunhu wonhumba. Eshi osha faafana nondodo yomauyelele taapitifwa ko stock-exchange ile tutye ehangano olo linasha nomataambekido oimaliwa, omo efimbo nounhene womataambekido elikalekelwa ("tape") haashiivifilwa keshe umwe , ashike ihapa popiwa ovo va kufa ombinga.

Mokuwendapo ekuma-leameno, omapando eeshapi-koode dipe okuna okulongifwa nefutilo keshe opo ku keelelwe omafutilo akwatakanifwe noovene. Omwakwatakanifo amwe natango itaa tulu oku keelelwa omolwa omafutilo oo ena oitulwamo ihapu, osho tashi sha pumbiwa moku holola kutya oitulwamo oyo oya ndja komunhu umwe.

Omavalulo

Ohatu tula miilonga efeekelo lomuponokeli ta kendabala oku totapo elyenge lopomunghulo olo tali endelele lidulife elyenge lopaushili, Nonande oshinima shafa apa osha ka pita, ihashi dulu oku fiwa ekwatafano la yeulukila omalunduluko opauhandimwe ngaashi oku totapo omuvalu taudi momhepo ile oku kufapo oimaliwa oyo kaishi yomuponokeli. Eehuke itadi ka tambula efutilo olo lina omaukwatya eli hepa ngaashi efutilo., neehuke dopaushili itadi ka tambula okamhungu kena kena omafutilo afaapo. Omuponokeli ota dulu ashike oku lundulula limwe lomomafutilo aye mwene opo aalule oimaliwa oyo alongifapo.

Efiyafano pokati kelyenge loshili nelyenge lomuponokeli otaa yelekwa nomaukwatya eenghatu-mwaalu diheli melandulafano(Binomial Random Walk). Oshiningwanima eshi tashi yambukamo osho nee elyenge loshili olo tali wedelwa nokamhungu kamwe, noku wedhala eye komesho na imwe (+1), oshoyo oshinigwanima shadopa oshosho shelyenge lomuponokeli tali wedelwa nokamhungu kamwa, noku shunifa monima efiyafanepo tamudi imwe (-1).

Omhito yomuponokeli ahange efindano okudilila komhito taihangwapo yanika ouhefi otai yelekwa noupyakati woudani womashina hai ufanwa Gambler's ruin . Natutye nee omudani womashina ena omwaalu wokudana inau ngabekwa okwa tameka pomhito oyo yanika ouhefi ndee ta dana nee pamwe eemhito inadi ngabekwa monghendabala yoku hanga omhito yopokati lela pehena vali okufindana ile oku dopa. Ohatu dulu oku okuvalula eemhito odo tadulu kuhati oupokati oo tuu oo, ile ngeenge omuponokeli okwa dulu oku hangafana nelyenge loshili mefiyafano eli, ngaashi tashi landula[8]:

$$\begin{array}{rcl}p& =& \text{ probability an honest node finds the next block}\\ q& =& \text{ probability the attacker finds the next block}\\ q_z& =& \text{ probability the attacker will ever catch up from }z\text{ blocks behind}\end{array}$$$$q_z=\left\{\begin{array}{cc}1& \mathit{\text{if}}p\le q\\ (q/p{)}^z& \mathit{\text{if}}p>q\end{array}\right\}$$

Ngeenge opena etengene kutya

$p>q$ ,Omhito otayi wu nokushuna pedu meendelelo eshi eenomola doumhungu ovo tavahangika komuponokeli tava yi pombada. neemhito dhokufindana tandi ende noku shonopala, hano ngeenge ina ninga elao eli umbe komesho meendelelo , eemhito daya dokufindana nado otadi ende dokushonopala noudiinini, ngaashi ta ende oku shaaka konima lela.

Mopaife oha tu tula momadilaadilo efimbo olo omutambuli wefutilo lipe ena oku teelela fiyo tadulu oku koleka lela kutya omutumi ita shununa monima ile a lundulule efutilo olo atuminwa. Oha tu tengeneke kutya omutumo wefutilo omuponokeli oo ahala omutambuli wefutilo aitavele kutya okwa futwa mefimbo lonhumba, ndee teyi alulako eli fute yee mwene ngeenge efimbo lonhumba la pitapo. Omutambuli wefutilo ota lopotelwa ngeenge eshi oshaningwapo, ashike omutumi ote lineekele kutya ngeno otaku ku kala kwa lata.

Omutambuli ota toto po epando leeshapi-koode dipe ndee ta yandje oshapi-koode yaaveshe komutumi meni yefimbo ashike lishina manga ina shaina, Eshi otashi keelele ope omutumi aha dule oku longekida elyenge loumhungu komesho yefimbo , teshining noku ungaunga nasho oikando ihapu yalandulafana, fiyo taningi elao noku ya komesho lela sha wana, ndee ta ningi omafutilo pefimbo opo tuu opo. Shama nee efutilo la tumwa, Omutumi omunaipupulu ota tameke nee oku longa meholeko melyenge likwao lomomunghulo , olo lina omukalo umwepo waedwapo wefutilo laye.

Omutambuli oha teelele fiyo ola wedwa kokamhungu noumhungu va kalelwapo ku z ova wedwako konima yalo. Ita kala eshishi kutya omuponokeli okwa ninga lela efindano lifike pen, ashike pakufeekela oumhungu voshili ota kufa efimbo lopokati ngaashi sha teelelwa keshe koka mhungu, omhito yokuya komesho yomuponokeli otai kala eandjakaneko pamwaalu loikando yayooloka oyo tayi yapo mefimbo ile monhele yayandjwa, ngeenge oiningwanima eyi otayi ende pefimbo lifike pamwa ina shi li kolelela kefimbo lapitapo konina yoshiningwanima sha dja ko , eshi oha shi ifanwa yoo Possion Distribution:

$$\lambda =z\frac{q}{p}$$

Opo kumonike eemhito odo omuponokeli tadulu natango oku hangafana paife, oha tu hapupaleke nee eemhito doikando oyo tayi yapo mefimbo layandjwa (Poisson density) yomwaalu keshe wefindano olo ta dulu oku hanga neemhito odo tadulu oku hangafana okudja ponhele opo eli:

$$\sum _{k=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{{\lambda }^k{e}^{-\lambda }}{k!}\cdot \left\{\begin{array}{cc}(q/p{)}^{(z-k)}& \mathit{\text{if}}k\le z\\ 1& \mathit{\text{if}}k>z\end{array}\right\}$$

Oku lundulula opo tu keelele okuwedafana omishila ita di xulu deemhito deandjakaneko...

$$1-\sum _{k=0}^z\frac{{\lambda }^k{e}^{-\lambda }}{k!}\left(1-(q/p{)}^{(z-k)}\right)$$

Oku fala komukalo weekoode waC

#include 
double AttackerSuccessProbability(double q, int z)
{
	double p = 1.0 - q;
	double lambda = z * (q / p);
	double sum = 1.0;
	int i, k;
	for (k = 0; k <= z; k++)
	{
		double poisson = exp(-lambda);
		for (i = 1; i <= k; i++)
			poisson *= lambda / i;
		sum -= poisson * (1 - pow(q / p, z - k));
	}
	return sum;
}

Oku tula moilonga omanyamukulo, otu wete kutya etengeneko otali shuna pedu shelikolelela mu z.

q=0.1
z=0    P=1.0000000
z=1    P=0.2045873
z=2    P=0.0509779
z=3    P=0.0131722
z=4    P=0.0034552
z=5    P=0.0009137
z=6    P=0.0002428
z=7    P=0.0000647
z=8    P=0.0000173
z=9    P=0.0000046
z=10   P=0.0000012

q=0.3
z=0    P=1.0000000
z=5    P=0.1773523
z=10   P=0.0416605
z=15   P=0.0101008
z=20   P=0.0024804
z=25   P=0.0006132
z=30   P=0.0001522
z=35   P=0.0000379
z=40   P=0.0000095
z=45   P=0.0000024
z=50   P=0.0000006

Ekandulepo la P mushona no 0.1%

P < 0.001
q=0.10   z=5
q=0.15   z=8
q=0.20   z=11
q=0.25   z=15
q=0.30   z=24
q=0.35   z=41
q=0.40   z=89
q=0.45   z=340

Oitya yaxuuninwa

Otwa etapo edilaadilo lelandulafano ile osystem yomafutilo opamalungula oyo itayi li kwatelele melineekelo. Otwa tameka nefaneko-ilonga leekoina laningwa okudilila momashaino opamalungula, olo tali etapo ekondololo lina eenghono loumwene, ashike ina li wana ngeenge kepena omukalo woku keelela omafutilo eleendulula. Opo nee tu kandule po omukundu ou , otwa etapo edilaadilo lomakwatafano opamalungula taakwafafana oo taa longifa oumbangi woilonga moku didilika onakudiwa yomewangandjo lamanguluka yomafutilo, oo haa valula paunongononi meendelelo opo ahakale taa dulu nande nande oku lundulwa komuponokeli , ngeenge ohuke yoshili oko taka wilike eenghono da dihapu domee CPU. Omakwatafano opamangula olina eenghono nelongo laendelela, momutungilo walo wupu noi nau tulwa meelandulafano lonhumba. Eehuke oha dilongo adishe oshito , pena ashike elongelo kumwe lishona. Ina di pumbwa oku tongololwa , omolwaashi omatumwalaka ihaa tumwa konhele yimwe yelikalekelwa, nokwa pombwa ashike oku fikifwa nelitulemo lawanena. Eehuke otadi dulu oku djamo mekwatafano nokualukilamo ngaashi da hala, notadi tambula elyenge loumbangi woilonga ongaashi olo oumbangi waasho sha loningwapo efimbo olo dali da djamo mekwatafano. Oha di hoolola neenghono do CPU yado, tadi ulike kutya oda tambulako oumhungu vena omadidiliko oshili, tadi shi ningi noku va wedela , notadi ekeleshi oumhungu ovo vena omadidiliko ehena oushili mokuanya oku longa navo. keshe eemhango ile ouwanawa wawedwapo oo wapumbiwa po otau duli oku tulwa miiilonga nomukalo ou watambulakwo.

Eedjo

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